While German colonies have not yet passed beyond the experimental stage, German tariffs and German commerce have been great successes.

The population of Russia is 166,000,000 people.  This is the latest figure I gathered from those intimate with the government at St. Petersburg.  This is just 100,000,000 more than Germany.  Germany thinks she must trade to her own advantage with the people now crowding her eastern border.

The example of America in putting up tariff bars against “Made in Germany” has many advocates in England and in the rest of the world.

When France, only a few years ago, was angered that Italy should sign up in “triple alliance” with Austria and Germany, she did not dare to attack Italy with arms, but she did attack Italy by tariff measures, and for a time Italy and France fought—­by tariffs.

What might be the position of Germany if the American protective tariff system were expanded over the earth?  In the view of some people tariffs, taxation, and armaments go hand in hand.  There is a town in Prussia that finished payment only twenty years ago on the indemnity Napoleon exacted from it.

Can a country afford to develop an industrial system dependent upon an outside world and then suddenly find the outside world closed by tariff barriers?

When an American ambassador protested against Bismarck’s discriminatory treatment of American pork, the great chancellor asked, “What have you to talk with?  You have no army or navy.”  “No,” said the American ambassador, “but we have the ability to build them as big as anybody.  Do you wish to tempt us?” “No,” said the German chancellor, “and your goods shall not be discriminated against.”

Dr. Dernburg has given the key to the German colonial military, tariff, and financial policy.  German unity in tariffs and transportation has made German prosperity, and Dr. Dernburg, her former colonial secretary and now in New York, says the mouth of the Rhine and the channel ports must be free to Germany and that Belgium must come into tariff and transportation union with Germany.  Belgium is being taxed, tariffed, pounded, and impounded into the German empire.

There is some difference in size between Belgium and Russia, but no difference in principle with respect to their German relations.

“World power or downfall,” Bernhardi put it.

CHAPTER III

THE POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE WAR

A State with no Morals—­A Peace Treaty sundered—­Where Germany fails—­A Thunderbolt.

Sending his little expedition to China the Kaiser said:—­

“When you encounter the enemy you will defeat him; no quarter shall be given, no prisoners shall be taken.  Let all who fall into your hands be at your mercy.  Just as the Huns one thousand years ago, under the leadership of Attila, gained a reputation in virtue of which they still live in historical tradition, so may the name of Germany become known in such a manner in China that no Chinaman will ever again dare to look askance at a German.”