=Linseed-oil.=—­This valuable oil is obtained by pressure from the seed of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).  Linseed contains on an average about 33 per cent. of oil, though the amount varies materially, the percentage obtained fluctuating considerably, not being alike on any two successive days.  This is partly due to the varying richness of the seed, and partly to the manner in which it is manipulated in extracting the oil, it being a very easy matter to lose a considerable percentage of the oil by a lack of skill in any of the processes, though they all seem so simple.

The first thing done with the seed from which the oil is to be extracted is to pass it through a screen, to cleanse it from foreign substances.  The seed is received in bags containing from three to four bushels, and pockets containing one-sixth of that amount.  Having been screened it is passed through a mill, whose large iron-rollers, three in number, grind it to a coarse meal.  Thence it is carried to what are known as the “mullers,” which are two large stones, about eight feet in diameter and eighteen inches thick, weighing six tons each, standing on their edges, and rolling around on a stone bed.  About five bushels of the meal are placed in the mullers, and about eight quarts of hot water are added.  The meal is afterwards carried by machinery to the heaters, iron pans holding about a bushel each.  These are heated to an even temperature by steam, and are partly filled with the meal, which for seven minutes is submitted to the heat, being carefully stirred in order that all parts may become evenly heated.  At the end of that time the meal is placed in bags, which in turn are placed in hydraulic presses, iron plates being placed between the bags.  Pressure is applied for about eight minutes, until, as is supposed, all the oil is pressed out, leaving a hard cake, known to the trade as oil-cake, or linseed-cake.

The product of these various processes is known as “raw” oil, a considerable portion of which is sold without further labour being expended upon it.  There is, however, a demand for “boiled” oil, for certain purposes where greater drying properties are needed.  To supply this want oil is placed in large kettles, holding from five hundred to one thousand gallons, where it is heated to a temperature of about 500 degrees, being stirred continually.  This process, when large kettles are used, requires nearly the entire day.  While the boiling process is going on, oxide of manganese is added, which helps to give the boiled oil better drying properties.  A considerable portion of the oil is bleached, for the use of manufacturers of white paints.

=Venice Turpentine.=—­This is obtained from the larch, and is said to be contained in peculiar sacs in the upper part of the stem, and to be obtained by puncturing them.  It is a ropy liquid, colourless or brownish green, having a somewhat unpleasant odour and bitter taste.