of naphtha was used as a substitute for the making of polishes, etc.; but it was discovered that its continued use soon affected the eyesight of the workmen, and it had to be abandoned, the methylic alcohol, pyroxylic spirit, or wood spirit, as it has been differently called, taking its place.  This was first discovered by Mr. Philip Taylor in 1812, and is obtained by distilling wood.  Messrs. Dumas & Peligot, after analysing it, determined that it contained 37.5 per cent. of carbon, 12.5 per cent. of hydrogen, and 50 per cent. of oxygen.  When pure, it remains clear in the atmosphere; but for the sake of economy it is often employed in the manufacture of other compounds called methylated.  This spirit began to be much used in the manufacture of polishes and varnishes in the year 1848, and has continued to be much used ever since.

The wonderful improvements which have been effected in polishes since their first introduction obviously prove that they have now arrived at a very high point of perfection, and polishing is now justly acknowledged, both by skilled artisans and connoisseurs, to be an important decorative art.  French polish or varnish at the present time can easily be obtained at most chemists or oil shops, or direct from the manufacturers, amongst whom may be mentioned Mr. W. Urquhart, 327, Edgware-road, W.; Messrs. Turner & Sons, 7 to 9, Broad-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.; Messrs. William Fox & Son, Bethnal Green-road, E.; Mr. G. Purdom, 49, Commercial-road, E.

The London prices are:  Best French polish, 5s. 6d. per gallon; best white polish, 9s. per gallon; brown or white hard varnish, 8s. per gallon; patent glaze, 10s. per gallon; methylated spirits, 3s. 3d. per gallon.  For those who prefer to make their own, the following will be found an excellent recipe:—­

  12 ounces of orange shellac.
   1 ounce of benzoin.
   1 ounce of sandarach.
   1/2 gallon of methylated spirits.

Pound the gums well before mixing with the spirit, as this will hasten their dissolution.  White polish for white wood and marqueterie work should be made with bleached shellac instead of the above.  In making polishes or varnishes, the mixture will frequently require shaking until dissolved.

=Rubbers.=—­In commencing to polish, the materials required are old flannel for the rubbers and clean old linen or cotton rags for the coverings, the softer the better; some polishers, however, prefer white wadding for rubbers instead of flannel.  Rubbers for large surfaces are usually made of soft old flannel, firmly and compactly put together somewhat in the form of a ball, and the more they possess softness and compactness, and are large and solid, the more quickly and satisfactorily will they polish extensive surfaces.  Small pliable rubbers are usually employed for chairs or light frame-work.  Perhaps for a beginner a rubber made of old flannel may be best, as it takes some little practice to obtain the necessary lightness of hand.