Roman Empire, 31, 51, 107, 144, 210

Roosevelt, F.D., president, 322

Russia, 246, 259, 278, 282, 283, 284, 293, 294, 296, 298, 300, 310,
  311, 313-14, 315, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 328-29, 330, 333, 334
  (see Soviet Republics)

Ryukyu (Liu-ch’iu), islands, 295

Sacrifices, 19, 23, 26

Sages, 47

Sakhalin (Karafuto), island, 295, 296

Salar, ethnic group, 292

Salary, 213, 227

Salt, 40;
  Salt merchants, 189, 238, 248-9, 262;
  Salt trade, 200-1

Samarkand, city, 45, 183, 241

San-min chu-i, book, 305

Sang Hung-yang, economist, 91

Sassanids, Iranian dynasty, 178

Scholars (Ju), 34, 41, 52, 59, 60, 100
  (see Literati, Scribes, Intellectuals, Confucianists)

Schools, 79, 196, 324-25
  (see Education)

Science, 60-1, 104-5, 219, 281
  (see Mathematics, Astronomy, Nature)

Scribes, 34

Script, Chinese, 22, 29, 65, 225, 308

Sculpture, 19-20, 106, 147, 183, 243;
  Buddhist sculptures, 146

se-mu (auxiliary troops), 233

Seal, imperial, 92-3

Secret societies, 61, 95 ff., 289
  (see Red Eyebrows, Yellow Turbans, White Lotos, Boxer,
     Rebellions)

Sects, 135;
  Buddhist sects, 188

Seng-ko-lin-ch’in, general, 291

Serfs, 21, 26, 31, 32, 33, 53-4, 72, 143, 197, 216
  (see Slaves, Servants, Bondsmen)

Servants, 32

Settlement, of foreigners, 177;
  military, 248
  (see Colonization)

Sha-t’o, tribal federation, 187, 190, 203, 204, 206, 207, 222, 230

Shadow theatre, 255

Shahruk, ruler, 258

Shamans, 160, 184;
  Shamanism, 34, 242, 135 ff., 146

Shan tribes of South East Asia, 12

Shan-hai-ching, book, 103

Shan-yue, title of nomadic ruler, 88, 89, 90, 95, 103, 119, 125, 151

Shang dynasty, 19 ff., 41

Shang Ti, deity, 23, 24, 25

Shang Tzu, philosopher (Shang Yang), 59

Shanghai, city 246, 250, 287, 288, 301, 305, 308, 314-15, 316, 318

Shao Yung, philosopher, 220

Sheep, 54, 118

Shen Nung, mythical figure, 52

Shen Tsung, Sung ruler, 196;
  Manchu ruler, 265, 267

Sheng Tsu, Manchu ruler, 272

Shih-chi, book, 103

Shih Ching-t’ang, ruler, 204, 222

Shih Ch’ung, writer, 49

Shih Heng, soldier, 260

Shih Hu, ruler, 125 ff.

Shih Huang-ti, ruler, 63 ff., 78

Shih Lo, ruler, 123, 124, 125, 126

Shih-pi, ruler, 170

Shih Ssu-ming, 185

Shih Tsung, Manchu ruler, 264, 282

Shih-wei, Mongol tribes, 141