The great defect of both his constitutions is the fixedness which he seeks to impress upon them.  He had seen the Athenian empire, almost within the limits of his own life, wax and wane, but he never seems to have asked himself what would happen if, a century from the time at which he was writing, the Greek character should have as much changed as in the century which had preceded.  He fails to perceive that the greater part of the political life of a nation is not that which is given them by their legislators, but that which they give themselves.  He has never reflected that without progress there cannot be order, and that mere order can only be preserved by an unnatural and despotic repression.  The possibility of a great nation or of an universal empire arising never occurred to him.  He sees the enfeebled and distracted state of the Hellenic world in his own later life, and thinks that the remedy is to make the laws unchangeable.  The same want of insight is apparent in his judgments about art.  He would like to have the forms of sculpture and of music fixed as in Egypt.  He does not consider that this would be fatal to the true principles of art, which, as Socrates had himself taught, was to give life (Xen.  Mem.).  We wonder how, familiar as he was with the statues of Pheidias, he could have endured the lifeless and half-monstrous works of Egyptian sculpture.  The ‘chants of Isis’ (Laws), we might think, would have been barbarous in an Athenian ear.  But although he is aware that there are some things which are not so well among ‘the children of the Nile,’ he is deeply struck with the stability of Egyptian institutions.  Both in politics and in art Plato seems to have seen no way of bringing order out of disorder, except by taking a step backwards.  Antiquity, compared with the world in which he lived, had a sacredness and authority for him:  the men of a former age were supposed by him to have had a sense of reverence which was wanting among his contemporaries.  He could imagine the early stages of civilization; he never thought of what the future might bring forth.  His experience is confined to two or three centuries, to a few Greek states, and to an uncertain report of Egypt and the East.  There are many ways in which the limitations of their knowledge affected the genius of the Greeks.  In criticism they were like children, having an acute vision of things which were near to them, blind to possibilities which were in the distance.

The colony is to receive from the mother-country her original constitution, and some of the first guardians of the law.  The guardians of the law are to be ministers of justice, and the president of education is to take precedence of them all.  They are to keep the registers of property, to make regulations for trade, and they are to be superannuated at seventy years of age.  Several questions of modern politics, such as the limitation of property, the enforcement of education, the relations of classes, are anticipated