[Sidenote:  Effluvia from excreta.]

Even in health people cannot repeatedly breathe air in which they live with impunity, on account of its becoming charged with unwholesome matter from the lungs and skin.  In disease where everything given off from the body is highly noxious and dangerous, not only must there be plenty of ventilation to carry off the effluvia, but everything which the patient passes must be instantly removed away, as being more noxious than even the emanations from the sick.

Of the fatal effects of the effluvia from the excreta it would seem unnecessary to speak, were they not so constantly neglected.  Concealing the utensils behind the vallance to the bed seems all the precaution which is thought necessary for safety in private nursing.  Did you but think for one moment of the atmosphere under that bed, the saturation of the under side of the mattress with the warm evaporations, you would be startled and frightened too!

[Sidenote:  Chamber utensils without lids.]

The use of any chamber utensil without a lid[6] should be utterly abolished, whether among sick or well.  You can easily convince yourself of the necessity of this absolute rule, by taking one with a lid, and examining the under side of that lid.  It will be found always covered, whenever the utensil is not empty, by condensed offensive moisture.  Where does that go, when there is no lid?

Earthenware, or if there is any wood, highly polished and varnished wood, are the only materials fit for patients’ utensils.  The very lid of the old abominable close-stool is enough to breed a pestilence.  It becomes saturated with offensive matter, which scouring is only wanted to bring out.  I prefer an earthenware lid as being always cleaner.  But there are various good new-fashioned arrangements.

[Sidenote:  Abolish slop-pails.]

A slop-pail should never be brought into a sick room.  It should be a rule invariable, rather more important in the private house than elsewhere, that the utensil should be carried directly to the water-closet, emptied there, rinsed there, and brought back.  There should always be water and a cock in every water-closet for rinsing.  But even if there is not, you must carry water there to rinse with.  I have actually seen, in the private sick room, the utensils emptied into the foot-pan, and put back unrinsed under the bed.  I can hardly say which is most abominable, whether to do this or to rinse the utensil in the sick room.  In the best hospitals it is now a rule that no slop-pail shall ever be brought into the wards, but that the utensils shall be carried direct to be emptied and rinsed at the proper place.  I would it were so in the private house.

[Sidenote:  Fumigations.]

Let no one ever depend upon fumigations, “disinfectants,” and the like, for purifying the air.  The offensive thing, not its smell, must be removed.  A celebrated medical lecturer began one day “Fumigations, gentlemen, are of essential importance.  They make such an abominable smell that they compel you to open the window.”  I wish all the disinfecting fluids invented made such an “abominable smell” that they forced you to admit fresh air.  That would be a useful invention.