* The history of this migration, which is given summarily in Josh. xix. 47, is, as it now stands, a blending of two accounts.  The presence of a descendant of Moses as a priest in this local sanctuary probably offended the religious scruples of a copyist, who substituted Manasseh for Moses (Judges xviii. 30), but the correction was not generally accepted. [The R.V. reads “Moses” where the authorised text has “Manasseh.”—­Tr.]

It bore out well its character—­“Dan is a lion’s whelp that leapeth forth from Bashan” on the Hermon;* “a serpent in the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse’s heels, so that his rider falleth backward."** The new position they had taken up enabled them to protect Galilee for centuries against the incursions of the Aramaeans.

     * See the Blessing of Moses (Dent, xxxiii. 22).

     ** These are the words used in the Blessing of Jacob (Gen.
     xlix. 17).

[Illustration:  304.jpg THE HILL OF SHILOH, SEEN FROM THE NORTH-EAST]

     Drawn by Boudier, from photograph No. 100 of the Palestine
     Exploration Fund.

Their departure, however, left the descendants of Joseph unprotected, with Benjamin as their only bulwark.  Benjamin, like Dan, was one of the tribes which contained scarcely more than two or three clans, but compensated for the smallness of their numbers by their energy and tenacity of character:  lying to the south of Ephraim, they had developed into a breed of hardy adventurers, skilled in handling the bow and sling, accustomed from childhood to use both hands indifferently, and always ready to set out on any expedition, not only against the Canaanites, but, if need be, against their own kinsfolk.* They had consequently aroused the hatred of both friend and foe, and we read that the remaining tribes at length decreed their destruction; a massacre ensued, from which six hundred Benjamites only escaped to continue the race.** Their territory adjoined on the south that of Jerusalem, the fortress of the Jebusites, and on the west the powerful confederation of which Gibeon was the head.  It comprised some half-dozen towns—­Ramah, Anathoth, Michmash, and Nob, and thus commanded both sides of the passes leading from the Shephelah into the valley of the Jordan.  The Benjamites were in the habit of descending suddenly upon merchants who were making their way to or returning from Gilead, and of robbing them of their wares; sometimes they would make a raid upon the environs of Ekron and Gath, “like a wolf that ravineth:”  realising the prediction of Jacob, “in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at even he shall divide the spoil."***

     * Benjamin signifies, properly speaking, “the Southern.”

** Story of the Levite of Ephraim (Judges xix.-xxi.).  The groundwork of it contains only one historical element.  The story of the Levite is considered by some critics to be of a later date than the rest of the text.

     *** He is thus characterised in the Blessing of Jacob (Gen.
     xlix. 27).  VOL.  VI.  X