inspiration, although it gives evidence of new elements in its method of decoration and in its greater freedom of treatment.  The inhabitants of the valleys of the Nile and of the Orontes, and probably also those of the Euphrates and Tigris, agreed in the, high value they set upon these artistic objects in gold, silver, and bronze, brought to them from the further shores of the Mediterranean, which, while reproducing their own designs, modified them to a certain extent; for just as we now imitate types of ornamental work in vogue among nations less civilized than ourselves, so the iEgean people set themselves the task through their potters and engravers of reproducing exotic models.  The Phoenician traders who exported to Greece large consignments of objects made under various influences in their own workshops, or purchased in the bazaars of the ancient world, brought back as a return cargo an equivalent number of works of art, bought in the towns of the West, which eventually found their way into the various markets of Asia and Africa.  These energetic merchants were not the first to ply this profitable trade of maritime carriers, for from the time of the Memphite empire the products of northern regions had found their way, through the intermediation of the Hauinibu, as far south as the cities of the Delta and the Thebaid.  But this commerce could not be said to be either regular or continuous; the transmission was carried on from one neighbouring tribe to another, and the Syrian sailors were merely the last in a long chain of intermediaries—­a tribal war, a migration, the caprice of some chief, being sufficient to break the communication, and even cause the suspension of transit for a considerable period.  The Phoenicians desired to provide against such risks by undertaking themselves to fetch the much-coveted objects from their respective sources, or, where this was not possible, from the ports nearest the place of their manufacture.  Reappearing with each returning year in the localities where they had established emporia, they accustomed the natives to collect against their arrival such products as they could profitably use in bartering with one or other of their many customers.  They thus established, on a fixed line of route, a kind of maritime trading service, which placed all the shores of the Mediterranean in direct communication with each other, and promoted the blending of the youthful West with the ancient East.

[Illustration:  302.jpg TAILPIECE]

CHAPTER III—­THE EIGHTEENTH THEBAN DYNASTY

THUTMOSIS I. AND HIS ARMY—­HATSHOPSITU AND THUTMOSIS III.

Thutmosis I.’s campaign in Syria—­The organisation of the Egyptian army:  the infantry of the line, the archers, the horses, and the charioteers—­The classification of the troops according to their arms—­Marching and encampment in the enemy’s country:  battle array—­Chariot-charges—­The enumeration and distribution of the spoil—­The vice-royalty of Rush and the adoption of Egyptian customs by the Ethiopian tribes.