General Grant, with that bulldog tenacity for which he was famous, held on until the 4th of July, 1863, when General Pemberton, the Confederate commander, surrendered his whole garrison of more than 20,000 men.  In thus opening the Mississippi all the way to the Gulf the navy rendered invaluable assistance.  Porter’s aid was so important and his conduct so gallant that he received the thanks of Congress and was created a full rear admiral, his commission dating from July 4, 1863.  In a public dispatch the Secretary of the Navy said, addressing Admiral Porter:  “To yourself, your officers and the brave and gallant sailors who have been so fertile in resources, so persistent and so daring under all circumstances, I tender, in the name of the President, the thanks and congratulations of the whole country on the fall of Vicksburg.”

One of the most disastrous expeditions of the Civil War was that which was undertaken by General N.P.  Banks, in the spring of 1864.  His ostensible purpose was to complete the conquest of Texas and Louisiana, but there is good reason to believe that the famous Red River expedition was little more than a huge cotton speculation.  Immense quantities were stored along the river and could it have been secured would have been worth many hundred thousand dollars to the captors.  The charge has been made, with apparent reason, that several Confederate leaders were concerned in the “deal,” seeing as they did, that the end of the Confederacy was at hand.  The trouble, however, was that other Confederates like General Dick Taylor did all they could to defeat the purpose of General Banks and they succeeded to perfection.

The Union commander had an army of 30,000 men with which he began the ascent of the Red River.  He captured Fort de Russy March 14 and then marched against Shreveport.  His forces were strewn along for miles, with no thought of danger, when at Sabine Cross Roads they were furiously attacked by General Dick Taylor and routed as utterly as was the first advance upon Manassas in July, 1861.  The demoralized men were rallied at Pleasant Hill, where they were again attacked and routed by Taylor.  Banks succeeded at last in reaching New Orleans, where he was relieved of his command.

When Porter had waited a short time at the appointed place of meeting for Banks’s army a messenger reached him with news of that General’s defeat and his hurried retreat.  Porter saw that it would not do for him to delay an hour.  He had had great difficulty in getting his fifty vessels up the narrow stream, whose current was falling so rapidly that it already appeared impossible to get the fleet past the snags and shoals to the point of safety two hundred miles below.

Improving every moment and under a continual fire from the shore, Porter managed to descend something more than half way down the river to Grand Ecore, where he found Banks and his demoralized army.  Porter advised the commander to remain where he was until the spring rains would enable the fleet to ascend the river again, but Banks was too frightened to do anything but retreat, and he kept it up until he arrived at New Orleans.