England’s colonial system had been developed into a great empire.  Principles of English liberty and representative government were carried by Britishers to many parts of the world.  The American Revolution showed the mother country that Englishmen would not brook oppression even by their own king and parliament.  During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries England adopted the policy of erecting her colonies into self-governing communities.  Thus the separate colonies in Canada, in Australia, and in South Africa were grouped in each case into a federal government, somewhat similar to that of the United States, and three great British democracies were formed within the boundaries of the empire.  So successful has been the British system of colonial government that there has been virtually no question of loyalty during the Great War.  All parts of the dominions have contributed in men and money to the common cause, and frequent imperial war conferences have been held in London.  In these conferences representatives from the colonies and the mother country have joined in the discussion of important imperial questions.

Turkey and the Balkans.—­In 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople.  Thereafter their power was rapidly extended in southeastern Europe and for several centuries they were the dominant power in the Balkan peninsula.  During this time they overran Hungary and invaded Austria up to the walls of Vienna.  They subjugated Greece and all the lands now included in Serbia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Albania, as well as a number of near-by Austrian, Hungarian, and Russian provinces.

Many diverse races were included within the Turkish dominions.  They differed among themselves in language, religion, and culture.  The Turks were Mohammedans, while their subject peoples in Europe were mainly Christians belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.

First driven out of Hungary and Russia during the eighteenth century, the Turks lost nearly all their European possessions in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  The subject peoples had kept their national traditions and customs and from time to time they aimed at independence.  The Turkish rule was oppressive and at times its methods were barbarous.  If there had been no jealousies among the great European powers, it is probable that Russia would have occupied Constantinople long ago.  The other powers, fearing this might make Russia too strong, interfered on several occasions to prevent such an occupation.  But the powers could not prevent the smaller nationalities from attaining their independence from Turkey.  Greece, Serbia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Albania were freed from the rule of the “unspeakable Turk” and erected into independent kingdoms at various times between 1829 and 1913.  Of her great empire in Europe, Turkey retained, at the outbreak of the Great War, an area of less than 11,000 square miles (less than the area of the state of Maryland), and a population of 1,890,000, which was almost altogether resident in the two cities of Constantinople and Adrianople.