by a high and stern sense of manhood and the worth of man.  A grim joy in hard fighting was already a characteristic of the race.  War was the Englishman’s “shield-play” and “sword-game”; the gleeman’s verse took fresh fire as he sang of the rush of the host and the crash of its shield-line.  Their arms and weapons, helmet and mailshirt, tall spear and javelin, sword and seax, the short broad dagger that hung at each warrior’s girdle, gathered to them much of the legend and the art which gave colour and poetry to the life of Englishmen.  Each sword had its name like a living thing.  And next to their love of war came their love of the sea.  Everywhere throughout Beowulf’s song, as everywhere throughout the life that it pictures, we catch the salt whiff of the sea.  The Englishman was as proud of his sea-craft as of his war-craft; sword in hand he plunged into the sea to meet walrus and sea-lion; he told of his whale-chase amidst the icy waters of the north.  Hardly less than his love for the sea was the love he bore to the ship that traversed it.  In the fond playfulness of English verse the ship was “the wave-floater,” “the foam-necked,” “like a bird” as it skimmed the wave-crest, “like a swan” as its curved prow breasted the “swan-road” of the sea.

Their passion for the sea marked out for them their part in the general movement of the German nations.  While Goth and Lombard were slowly advancing over mountain and plain the boats of the Englishmen pushed faster over the sea.  Bands of English rovers, outdriven by stress of fight, had long found a home there, and lived as they could by sack of vessel or coast.  Chance has preserved for us in a Sleswick peat-bog one of the war-keels of these early pirates.  The boat is flat-bottomed, seventy feet long and eight or nine feet wide, its sides of oak boards fastened with bark ropes and iron bolts.  Fifty oars drove it over the waves with a freight of warriors whose arms, axes, swords, lances, and knives, were found heaped together in its hold.  Like the galleys of the Middle Ages such boats could only creep cautiously along from harbour to harbour in rough weather; but in smooth water their swiftness fitted them admirably for the piracy by which the men of these tribes were already making themselves dreaded.  Its flat bottom enabled them to beach the vessel on any fitting coast; and a step on shore at once transformed the boatmen into a war-band.  From the first the daring of the English race broke out in the secrecy and suddenness of the pirates’ swoop, in the fierceness of their onset, in the careless glee with which they seized either sword or oar.  “Foes are they,” sang a Roman poet of the time, “fierce beyond other foes and cunning as they are fierce; the sea is their school of war and the storm their friend; they are sea-wolves that live on the pillage of the world!”

[Sidenote:  Britain]