thriftless men who cannot work together.  Self-help must precede all other help.  Dreamers may picture utopias, where all our present laws are suspended, and demagogues may cover up the disagreeable facts of labor’s own responsibility for its pitiful condition, but sensible workingmen will remember that, as Renan told his countrymen after the Franco-Prussian war, “the first duty is to face the facts of the situation.”  There are no royal roads to an honest mastery of fortune, though there seem to be plenty of by-ways to dishonest success.  Nature is a hard school-mistress.  She allows no makeshifts for the discipline of hard work and of self-denial, for the culture of all the strengthful qualities.  Her American school for workers is not as yet overcrowded.  The rightful order of society is not as yet submerged on our shores.  There are the rewards of merit for all who will work and wait.  No man of average intelligence needs to suffer in our country if he has clear grit in him.  “The stone that is fit for the wall,” as the Spanish proverb runs, “will not be left in the road.”

II

FAULTS OF CAPITAL

But—­for there is a very large “but” in the case—­when all this is said, only the thorough going doctrinaire will fail to see that merely half the case has been presented.  There is a shallow optimism which, from the heights of prosperity, throws all the blame of labor’s sufferings on labor’s own broad shoulders; steels the heart of society against it because of these patent faults, and closes the hand against its help, while it sings the gospel of the Gradgrinds—­“As it was and ever shall be.  Amen.”

Labor itself is not wholly responsible for its own faults.  These faults spring largely out of the defective social conditions amid which the workingman finds himself placed.  Before we proceed to administer to him the whole measure of the “whopping” due for his low estate, we had better look back of him, to see why it is that he is as he is.

The inefficiency of labor is by no means the fault of the individual laborer alone.  Heredity has bankrupted him before he started on his career.  His parents were probably as inefficient as he is—­and most likely their parents also.  One who sees much of the lower grades of labor ceases to wonder why children turn out worthless, knowing what the parents were.  General Francis A. Walker, in opening the Manufacturers’ and Mechanics’ Institute at Boston lately, said: 

“There is great virtue in the inherited industrial aptitudes and instincts of the people.  You can no more make a first-class dyer or a first-class machinist in one generation than you can in one generation make a Cossack horseman or a Tartar herdsman.  Artisans are born, not made.”

      Our incompetents may plead that they were not born
     competent.  It does not readily appear what we are going to