Although common in every part of the country, they are not understood to exist in the proper wild or indigenous state, those found in the woods being termed karbau jalang, or stray buffaloes, and considered as the subject of property; or if originally wild, they may afterwards, from their use in labour and food, have been all caught and appropriated by degrees.  They are gregarious, and usually found in large numbers together, but sometimes met with singly, when they are more dangerous to passengers.  Like the turkey and some other animals they have an antipathy to a red colour, and are excited by it to mischief.  When in a state of liberty they run with great swiftness, keeping pace with the speed of an ordinary horse.  Upon an attack or alarm they fly to a short distance, and then suddenly face about and draw up in battle-array with surprising quickness and regularity; their horns being laid back, and their muzzles projecting.  Upon the nearer approach of the danger that presses on them they make a second flight, and a second time halt and form; and this excellent mode of retreat, which but few nations of the human race have attained to such a degree of discipline as to adopt, they continue till they gain the fastnesses of a neighbouring wood.  Their principal foe, next to man, is the tiger; but only the weaker sort, and the females fall a certain prey to this ravager, as the sturdy male buffalo can support the first vigorous stroke from the tiger’s paw, on which the fate of the battle usually turns.

COW.

The cow, called sapi (in another dialect sampi) and jawi, is obviously a stranger to the country, and does not appear to be yet naturalized.  The bull is commonly of what is termed the Madagascar breed, with a large hump upon the shoulders, but from the general small size of the herds I apprehend that it degenerates, from the want of good pasture, the spontaneous production of the soil being too rank.

THE HORSE.

The horse, kuda:  the breed is small, well made, and hardy.  The country people bring them down in numbers for sale in nearly a wild state; chiefly from the northward.  In the Batta country they are eaten as food; which is a custom also amongst the people of Celebes.

SHEEP, ETC.

Sheep, biri-biri and domba:  small breed, introduced probably from Bengal.

(PLATE 11a. n.2. 1.  SKULL OF THE KAMBING-UTAN. 2.  SKULL OF THE KIJANG.  W. Bell delt.  A. Cardon sc.)

(PLATE 14. n.1.  THE KAMBING-UTAN, OR WILD-GOAT. 
W. Bell delt.)

Goat, kambing:  beside the domestic species, which is in general small and of a light brown colour, there is the kambing utan, or wild goat.  One which I examined was three feet in height, and four in the length of the body.  It had something of the gazelle in its appearance, and, with the exception of the horns, which were about six inches long and turned back with an arch, it did not much resemble the common