[505:3] Such as Acts xxi. 18; Gal. ii. 12.

[506:1] “At Antioch some, as Origen and Eusebius, make Ignatius to succeed Peter.  Jerome makes him the third bishop, and placeth Evodius before him.  Others, therefore, to solve that, make them contemporary bishops; the one, of the Church of the Jews; the other, of the Gentiles....  Come we to Rome, and here the succession is as muddy as the Tiber itself; for here Tertullian, Rufinus, and several others, place Clement next to Peter.  Irenaeus and Eusebius set Anacletus before him; Epiphanius and Optatus both Anacletus and Cletus; Augustinus and Damasus, with others, make Anacletus, Cletus, and Linus all to precede him.  What way shall we find to extricate ourselves out of this labyrinth?”—­Stillingfleet’s Irenicum, part ii. ch. 7. p. 321.

[506:2] “Polycarp, and the elders who are with him, to the Church of God which is at Philippi.”

[506:3] A Roman deacon of the fourth century.  His works are commonly appended to those of Ambrose.

[507:1] “Primum presbyteri episcopi appellabantur, ut, recedente uno, sequens ei succederet.”—­Comment. in Eph. iv.

[507:2] “Ut omnis episcopus presbyter sit, non omnis presbyter episcopus; hic enim episcopus est, qui inter presbyteros primus est.”—­Comment. in 1 Tim. iii.  According to a learned writer this arrangement extended farther.  “Ita, uti videtur, comparatum fuit, ut defuncto presbytero, primus ordine diaconus locum occuparet ultimum presbyterorum, novusque in locum novissimum substitueretur diaconus; decedente vero episcopo, primus ordine presbyter in ejus locum sufficeretur, et primus in ordine diaconorum novissimam presbyterii sedem capesseret.”—­Thomae Brunonis Judicium de auctore Can. et Const. quae apost. dicuntur.  Cotelerius, ii.  Ap. p. 179.

[507:3] 1 Pet. v. 5.  It is a curious and striking fact, arguing strongly in favour of the antiquity of their Church polity, that among the Vaudois Barbs of old the claims of seniority were distinctly acknowledged.  The following rule of discipline is taken from one of their ancient MSS.  “He that is received the last (into the ministry by imposition of hands) ought to do nothing without the permission of him that was received before him.”—­Moreland, History of the Evang.  Ch. of the Valleys of Piedmont, p. 74.

[507:4] He is speaking immediately before of presbyters.  See 1 Pet. v. 1-4.

[507:5] Matt. x. 2, “The first, Simon, who is called Peter.”  Mark iii. 16; Luke vi. 14; Acts i. 13.

[507:6] Jerome in “Jovin,” i. 14.

[508:1] Savigny’s “History of the Roman Law,” by Cathcart, i. pp. 62, 63, 75.

[508:2] Euseb. iii. 23. [Greek:  ho presbutes].

[508:3] In Africa the senior bishop or metropolitan was called father.  See Bingham, i. 200.  In the second century we find the name given to the Roman bishop.  See Routh’s “Reliquiae,” i. 287.  According to Eutychius, his predecessor in the see of Alexandria in the early part of the third century was called “Baba (Papa), that is, grandfather.”