honoured Enlil, at Eridu the god Ea, at Ur the god Sin, at Erech the god Anu and the goddess Nana (Ishtar), at Kish the god Zamama and the goddess Ma-ma, at Cuthah the god Nergal, at Lagash the god Nin-Girsu, while at Adab and Akkad, “celebrated for its wide squares”, and other centres he carried out religious and public works.  In Assyria he restored the colossus of Ashur, which had evidently been carried away by a conqueror, and he developed the canal system of Nineveh.

Apparently Lagash and Adab had not been completely deserted during his reign, although their ruins have not yielded evidence that they flourished after their fall during the long struggle with the aggressive and plundering Elamites.

Hammurabi referred to himself in the Prologue as “a king who commanded obedience in all the four quarters”.  He was the sort of benevolent despot whom Carlyle on one occasion clamoured vainly for—­not an Oriental despot in the commonly accepted sense of the term.  As a German writer puts it, his despotism was a form of Patriarchal Absolutism.  “When Marduk (Merodach)”, as the great king recorded, “brought me to direct all people, and commissioned me to give judgment, I laid down justice and right in the provinces, I made all flesh to prosper."[279] That was the keynote of his long life; he regarded himself as the earthly representative of the Ruler of all—­Merodach, “the lord god of right”, who carried out the decrees of Anu, the sky god of Destiny.

The next king, Samsu-iluna, reigned nearly as long as his illustrious father, and similarly lived a strenuous and pious life.  Soon after he came to the throne the forces of disorder were let loose, but, as has been stated, he crushed and slew his most formidable opponent, Rim-Sin, the Elamite king, who had gathered together an army of allies.  During his reign a Kassite invasion was repulsed.  The earliest Kassites, a people of uncertain racial affinities, began to settle in the land during Hammurabi’s lifetime.  Some writers connect them with the Hittites, and others with the Iranians, vaguely termed as Indo-European or Indo-Germanic folk.  Ethnologists as a rule regard them as identical with the Cossaei, whom the Greeks found settled between Babylon and Media, east of the Tigris and north of Elam.  The Hittites came south as raiders about a century later.  It is possible that the invading Kassites had overrun Elam and composed part of Rim-Sin’s army.  After settled conditions were secured many of them remained in Babylonia, where they engaged like their pioneers in agricultural pursuits.  No doubt they were welcomed in that capacity, for owing to the continuous spread of culture and the development of commerce, rural labour had become scarce and dear.  Farmers had a long-standing complaint, “The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few".[280] “Despite the existence of slaves, who were for the most part domestic servants, there was”, writes Mr. Johns, “considerable demand for free