an eminence commanding Dunbar.  The Parliamentary Committee, under whose authority Leslie was acting, forced him to make an attack to prevent Cromwell’s force from escaping by sea.  The details of the battle have been disputed, and the most convincing account is that given by Mr. Firth in his “Cromwell”.  When Leslie left the Doon Hill his left became shut in between the hill and “the steep ravine of the Brock burn”, while his centre had not sufficient room to move.  Cromwell, therefore, after a feint on the left, concentrated his forces against Leslie’s right, and shattered it.  The rout was complete, and Leslie had to retreat to Stirling, while the Lowlands fell into Cromwell’s hands.  Cromwell was conciliatory, and a considerable proportion of Presbyterians took up an attitude hostile to the king’s claims.  The supporters of Charles were known as Resolutioners, or Engagers, and his opponents as Protesters or Remonstrants.  The consequence was that the old Royalists and Episcopalians began to rejoin Charles.  Before the battle of Dunbar (September 2nd) Charles had been really a prisoner in the hands of the Covenanters, who had ruled him with a rod of iron.  As the stricter Presbyterians withdrew, and their places were filled by the “Malignants” whom they had excluded from the king’s service, the personal importance of Charles increased.  On January 1st, 1651, he was crowned at Scone, and in the following summer he took up a position near Stirling, with Leslie as commander of his army.  Cromwell outmanoeuvred Leslie and seized Perth, and the royal forces retaliated by the invasion of England, which ended in the defeat of Worcester on September 3rd, 1651, exactly one year after Dunbar.  The king escaped and fled to France.

Scotland was now unable to resist Monk, whom Cromwell had left behind him when he went southwards to defeat Charles at Worcester.  On the 14th August he captured Stirling, and on the 28th the Committee of Estates was seized at Alyth and carried off to London.  There was no further attempt at opposition, and all Scotland, for the first time since the reign of Edward I, was in military occupation by English troops.  The property of the leading supporters of Charles II was confiscated.  In 1653 the General Assembly was reduced to pleading that “we were an ecclesiastical synod, a spiritual court of Jesus Christ, which meddled not with anything civil”; but their unwonted humility was of no avail to save them.  An earlier victim than the Assembly was the Scottish Parliament.  It was decided in 1652 that Scotland should be incorporated with England, and from February of that year till the Restoration, the kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist.  The “Instrument” of Government of 1653 gave Scotland thirty members in the British Parliament.  Twenty were allotted to the shires—­one to each of the larger shires and one to each of nine groups of less important shires.  There were also eight groups of burghs, each group electing one member,