Nor was it long before this became apparent.  In November, 1558, Mary Tudor died, and England was again Protestant.  Henry II ordered Francis and Mary to assume the arms of England, in virtue of Mary’s descent from Margaret Tudor, which made her in Roman Catholic eyes the rightful Queen of England, Elizabeth being born out of wedlock.  The Protestant Queen of England had thus an additional motive for opposition to the government of Mary of Guise and her daughter.  It was unfortunate for the queen-regent that, at this particular juncture, she was entering into strained relations with the Reformers.  Hitherto she had succeeded in satisfying Knox himself; but, in the beginning of 1559, she adopted more severe measures, and the lords of the congregation began to discuss a treasonable alliance with England, which proved the beginning of the end.  The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis set the French government free to pay greater attention to the progress of Scottish affairs, and Mary of Guise forthwith denounced the leading Protestant preachers as heretics.  It was much too late.  The immediate result was the Perth riots of May and June, 1559, which involved the destruction of the religious houses which were the glory of the Fair City.  The aspect of affairs was so threatening that the regent came to terms, and promised that she would take no vengeance on the people of Perth, and that she would not leave a French garrison in the town.  The regent kept her word in garrisoning the town with Scotsmen, but her introduction of a French bodyguard, in attendance on her own person, was regarded as a breach of her promise.  The destruction of religious buildings continued, although Knox did his endeavour to save the palace of Scone.  The Protestants held St. Andrews while the regent entered into negotiations which they considered to be a mere subterfuge for gaining time, and, on the 29th June, they marched upon Edinburgh.  In July, 1559, occurred the sudden death of Henry II; Francis and Mary succeeded, and the supreme power in France and in Scotland passed to the House of Guise.  The Protestants who had been making overtures to Cecil and Elizabeth declared, in October, that the regent had been deposed.  This bold step was justified by the help received from England, and by the indignation caused by the excesses of the regent’s French troops in Scotland.  So far had religious emotion outrun the sentiment of nationality that the Protestants were willing to admit almost any English claim.  The result of Elizabeth’s treaty with the rebels was that they were enabled to besiege Leith, by means of an English fleet, while the regent took refuge in Edinburgh Castle.  The English attack on Leith was unsuccessful, but the dangerous illness of the queen-mother led to the conclusion of peace.  A truce was made on condition that all foreign soldiers, French and English alike, should leave Scotland, and that the Scottish claim to the English throne should be abandoned.  On the 11th June, 1560, Mary died.  The wisdom