It was not till the reign of Alexander I (1107-1124) that the new influences made any serious modification of ancient custom.  The peaceful Edgar had surrounded himself with English favourites, and had granted Saxon charters to Saxon landholders in the Lothians.  His brother, Alexander, made the first efforts to abolish the old Celtic tenure.  In 1114, he gave a charter to the monastery of Scone, and not only did the charter contemplate the direct holding of land from the king, but the signatories or witnesses described themselves as Earls, not as Mormaers.  The monastery was founded to commemorate the suppression of a revolt of the Celts of Moray, and the earls who witnessed the charter bore Celtic names.  This policy of taking advantage of rebellions to introduce English civilization became a characteristic method of the kings of Scotland.  Alexander’s successor, David I, set himself definitely to carry on the work which his brother had begun.  He found his opportunity in the rising of Malcolm MacHeth, Earl of Moray.  To this rising we have already referred in the Introduction.  It was the greatest effort made against the innovations of the anti-national sons of Malcolm Canmore, and its leader, Malcolm MacHeth, was the representative of a rival line of kings.  David had to obtain the assistance, not only of the Anglo-Normans by whom he himself was surrounded, but also of some of the barons of Northumberland and Yorkshire, with whom he had a connection as Earl of Huntingdon, for the descendant of the Celtic kings of Scotland was himself an English baron.  We have seen that David captured MacHeth and forfeited the lands of Moray, which he regranted, on feudal terms, to Anglo-Normans or to native Scots who supported the king’s new policy.  The war with England interrupted David’s work, as a long struggle with the Church had prevented his brother, Alexander, from giving full scope to the principles that both had learned in the English Court; but, by the end of David’s reign, the lines of future development had been quite clearly laid down.  The Celtic Church had almost disappeared.  The bishops of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, Moray, Glasgow, Ross, Caithness, Aberdeen, Dunblane, Brechin, and Galloway were great royal officers, who inculcated upon the people the necessity of adopting the new political and ecclesiastical system.  The Culdee monasteries were dying out; north of the Forth, Scone had been founded by Alexander I as a pioneer of the new civilization, and, after the defeat of Malcolm MacHeth and the settlement of Moray, David, in 1150, founded the Abbey of Kinloss.  The Celtic official terms were replaced by English names; the Mormaer had become the Earl, the Toisech was now the Thane, and Earl and Thane alike were losing their position as the royal representative, as David gradually introduced the Anglo-Norman vice-comes or sheriff, who represented the royal Exchequer and the royal system of justice.  David’s police regulations tended still further to strengthen the