throughout the country.  In April another anniversary of the martyrdom of revolting working-men was similarly celebrated in most of the industrial centers, hundreds of thousands of workers striking as a manifestation against the government.  The 1st of May was celebrated as it had not been celebrated since 1905.  In the various industrial cities hundreds of thousands of workmen left their work to march through the streets and hold mass meetings, and so formidable was the movement that the government was cowed and dared not attempt to suppress it by force.  There was a defiant note of revolution in this great uprising of the workers.  They demanded an eight-hour day and the right to organize unions and make collective bargains.  In addition to these demands, they protested against the Balkan War and against militarism in general.

Had the great war not intervened, a tragic interlude in Russia’s long history of struggle, the year 1914 would have seen the greatest struggle for the overthrow of Czarism in all that history.  Whether it would have been more successful than the effort of 1905 can never be known, but it is certain that the working-class revolutionary movement was far stronger than it was nine years before.  On the other hand, there would not have been the same degree of support from the other classes, for in the intervening period class lines had been more sharply drawn and the class conflict greatly intensified.  Surging through the masses like a mighty tide was the spirit of revolt, manifesting itself much as it had done nine years before.  All through the early months of the year the revolutionary temper grew.  The workers became openly defiant and the government, held in check, doubtless, by the delicate balance of the international situation, dared not resort to force with sufficient vigor to stamp out the agitation.  Mass meetings were held in spite of all regulations to the contrary; political strikes occurred in all parts of the country.  In St. Petersburg and Moscow barricades were thrown up in the streets as late as July.  Then the war clouds burst.  A greater passion than that of revolution swept over the nation and it turned to present a united front to the external foe.

CHAPTER III

THE WAR AND THE PEOPLE

I

The war against Austria and Germany was not unpopular.  Certainly there was never an occasion when a declaration of war by their rulers roused so little resentment among the Russian people.  Wars are practically never popular with the great mass of the people in any country, and this is especially true of autocratically governed countries.  The heavy burdens which all great wars impose upon the laboring class, as well as upon the petty bourgeoisie, cause even the most righteous wars to be regarded with dread and sorrow.  The memory of the war with Japan was too fresh and