interests, than personal kinships, than party feeling, and this is the need and the will to devote ourselves to that most general interest which Rome termed the public thing, Res publica.  And this profound will within us is patriotism.”

Meanwhile there was a slight offset to the German successes.  Russia had overrun Galicia and the Allies had conquered the Germany colony of Togoland in Africa.  But on August 26 the Russians were severely defeated in the battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia.  This was offset by a British naval victory in Helgoland Bight. (August 28.)

So great had become the pressure of the German armies that on September 3 the French government removed from Paris to Bordeaux.  The seriousness of the situation was made manifest when two days later Great Britain, France and Russia signed a treaty not to make peace separately.  Then it became evident to the nations of the earth that the struggle was not only to be a long one, but in all probability the most gigantic in history.

The Germans reached the extreme point of their advance, culminating in the Battle of the Marne, September 6-10.  Here the generalship of Joffre and the strategy of Foch overcame great odds.  The Germans were driven back from the Marne to the River Aisne.  The battle line then remained practically stationary for three years on a front of three hundred miles.

The Russians under General Rennenkampf were driven from East Prussia September 16.  Three British armored cruisers were sunk by a submarine September 22.  By September 27 General Botha had gained some successes for the Allies, and had under way an invasion of German Southwest Africa.  By October 13 Belgium was so completely occupied by the Germans that the government withdrew entirely from the country and established itself at Le Havre in France.  By the end of the year had occurred the Battle of Yser in Belgium (October 16-28); the first Battle of Ypres (decisive day October 31), in which the British, French and Belgians saved the French channel ports; De Wet’s rebellion against the British in South Africa (October 28); German naval victory in the Pacific off the coast of Chile (November 1); fall of Tsingtau, German possession in China, to the Japanese (November 7); Austrian invasion of Serbia (Belgrade taken December 2, recaptured by the Serbians December 14); German commerce raider Emden caught and destroyed at Cocos Island (November 10); British naval victory off the Falkland Islands (December 8); South African rebellion collapsed (December 8); French government returned to Paris (December 9); German warships bombarded West Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby on the coast of England (December 16).  On December 24 the Germans showed their Christian spirit in an inauguration of the birthday of Christ by the first air raid over England.  The latter part of the year 1914 saw no important action by the United States excepting a proclamation by the president of the neutrality of the Panama canal zone.