[21] Maitland, op. cit. p. 23.

[22] Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 433.

[23] In Domesday they number 108,500.  Maitland, Domesday Book.

[24] Maitland, op. cit..

[25] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 300.

[26] Domesday of S. Paul, p. lxviii.

[27] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 56.

[28] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 166.  In some manors free tenants could sell their lands without the lord’s licence, in others not.

[29] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 279.

[30] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 285.

[31] Ibid. p. 246; and English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 448.  At the end of the eighteenth century, in default of sons, lands in some manors in Shropshire descended to the youngest daughter.—­Bishton, General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire, p. 178.

[32] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 456.

[33] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 40.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 35.

[36] Fleta, c. 73.

[37] Domesday of S. Paul, xxxv. Fleta, ’an anonymous work drawn up in the thirteenth century to assist landowners in managing their estates’ says, the reeve ’shall rise early, and have the ploughs yoked, and then walk in the fields to see that all is right and note if the men be idle, or if they knock off work before the day’s task is fully done.’

[38] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 321.

[39] Ibid. p. 324.

[40] Manor of Manydown, Hampshire Record Society, p. 17.  Breaking the assize of beer meant selling it without a licence, or of bad quality.  The village pound was the consequence of the perpetual straying of animals, and later on the vicar sometimes kept it.  See ibid. p. 104.

[41] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 106.

[42] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 264.

[43] Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 111.

[44] Domesday of S. Paul, p. xxxvii.

[45] Thorold Rogers, Agriculture and Prices, i. 17:  Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 55:  Neckham, De Natura Rerum, Rolls Series, ch. clxvi.  Rogers says there were no plums, but Neckham mentions them.  See also Denton, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 64.  Matthew Paris says the severe winter in 1257 destroyed cherries, plums and figs. Chron.  Maj., Rolls Series, v. 660.

[46] Woods were used as much for pasture as for cutting timber and underwood.  Not only did the pigs feed there on the mast of oak, beech, and chestnut, but goats and horned cattle grazed on the grassy portions.