found themselves with gaping stomachs, shivering limbs, and hungry wives and children, in a place called their own country, in which, nevertheless, every scrap of ground and possible source of subsistence was tightly locked up in the hands of others and guarded by armed soldiers and policemen.  In this helpless condition, the poor devils were ready to beg for access to a factory and to raw cotton on any conditions compatible with life.  My father offered them the use of his factory, his machines, and his raw cotton on the following conditions:  They were to work long and hard, early and late, to add fresh value to his raw cotton by manufacturing it.  Out of the value thus created by them, they were to recoup him for what he supplied them with:  rent, shelter, gas, water, machinery, raw cotton—­everything, and to pay him for his own services as superintendent, manager, and salesman.  So far he asked nothing but just remuneration.  But after this had been paid, a balance due solely to their own labor remained.  ‘Out of this,’ said my father, ’you shall keep just enough to save you from starving, and of the rest you shall make me a present to reward me for my virtue in saving money.  Such is the bargain I propose.  It is, in my opinion, fair and calculated to encourage thrifty habits.  If it does not strike you in that light, you can get a factory and raw cotton for yourselves; you shall not use mine.’  In other words, they might go to the devil and starve—­Hobson’s choice!—­for all the other factories were owned by men who offered no better terms.  The Manchesterians could not bear to starve or to see their children starve, and so they accepted his terms and went into the factory.  The terms, you see, did not admit of their beginning to save for themselves as he had done.  Well, they created great wealth by their labor, and lived on very little, so that the balance they gave for nothing to my father was large.  He bought more cotton, and more machinery, and more factories with it; employed more men to make wealth for him, and saw his fortune increase like a rolling snowball.  He prospered enormously, but the work men were no better off than at first, and they dared not rebel and demand more of the money they had made, for there were always plenty of starving wretches outside willing to take their places on the old terms.  Sometimes he met with a check, as, for instance, when, in his eagerness to increase his store, he made the men manufacture more cotton than the public needed; or when he could not get enough of raw cotton, as happened during the Civil War in America.  Then he adapted himself to circumstances by turning away as many workmen as he could not find customers or cotton for; and they, of course, starved or subsisted on charity.  During the war-time a big subscription was got up for these poor wretches, and my father subscribed one hundred pounds, in spite, he said, of his own great losses.  Then he bought new machines; and, as women and children could work these as well