[Footnote 76:  The details may be examined in Ranke, vol. ii. pp. 303-311.]

[Footnote 77:  Sarpi’s Letters supply some details relating to Paul V.’s nepotism.  He describes the pleasure which this Pope took on one day of each week in washing his hands in the gold of the Datatario and the Camera (vol. i. p. 281), and says of him, ‘attende solo a far danari’ (vol. ii. p. 237).  When Paul gave his nephew Scipione the Abbey of Vangadizza, with 12,000 ducats a year, Sarpi computed that the Cardinal held about 100,000 ducats of ecclesiastical benefices (vol. i. p. 219).  When the Archbishopric of Bologna, worth over 16,000 ducats a year, fell vacant in 1610, Paul gave this to Scipione, who held it a short time without residence, and then abandoned it to Alessandro Ludovisi retaining all its revenues, with the exception of 2,000 ducats, for himself as a pension (vol. ii. pp. 158, 300).  In the year 1610 Sarpi notices the purchase of Sulmona and other fiefs by Paul for his family, at the expenditure of 160,000 ducats (vol. ii. p. 70).  In another place he speaks of another sum of 100,000 spent upon the same object (vol. i. p. 249, note).  Well might he exclaim, ’Il pontefice e attesa ad arrichir la sua casa’ (vol. i. p. 294).]

CHAPTER III.

THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX.

Different Spirit in the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus—­Both needed by the Counter-Reformation—­Heresy in the Early Church—­First Origins of the Inquisition in 1203—­S.  Dominic—­The Holy Office becomes a Dominican Institution—­Recognized by the Empire—­Its early Organization—­The Spanish Inquisition—­Founded in 1484—­How it differed from the earlier Apostolical Inquisition—­Jews, Moors, New Christians—­Organization and History of the Holy Office in Spain—­Torquemada and his Successors—­The Spanish Inquisition never introduced into Italy—­How the Roman Inquisition organized by Caraffa differed from it—­Autos da fe in Rome—­Proscription of suspected Lutherans—­The Calabrian Waldenses—­Protestants at Locarno and Venice—­Digression on the Venetian Holy Office—­Persecution of Free Thought in Literature—­Growth of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum—­Sanction given to it by the Council of Trent—­The Roman Congregation of the Index—­Final Form of the Censorship of Books under Clement VIII.—­Analysis of its Regulations—­Proscription of Heretical Books—­Correction of Texts—­Purgation and Castration—­Inquisitorial and Episcopal Licenses—­Working of the System of this Censorship in Italy—­Its long Delays—­Hostility to Sound Learning—­Ignorance of the Censors—­Interference with Scholars in their Work—­Terrorism of Booksellers—­Vatican Scheme for the Restoration of Christian Erudition—­Frustrated by the Tyranny of the Index—­Dishonesty of the Vatican Scholars—­Biblical Studies rendered nugatory by the Tridentine Decree on the Vulgate—­Decline of Learning in Universities—­Miserable