consented to share in the enterprise with his followers, but Pugatscheff wanted no commandants or men of intelligence who might interfere with his schemes, and gave orders for his immediate execution.  The cannon captured at Iletzka were then pointed against Casypnaja, which yielded after a brief struggle.  Thus fortress after fortress fell into the hands of the reputed emperor, who gladly received the common soldiery, but mercilessly slew their leaders.

By this time the news had spread abroad throughout Southern Russia that Peter III. was not dead, but was in arms for the recovery of his throne and for the redress of the grievances under which his people were suffering.  Crowds of Cossacks heard the intelligence with joy, and hastened to cast in their lot with the army of Pugatscheff.  Talischova, a powerful fortress, defended by 1000 regular troops, fell before his assault; and the false Peter soon found himself possessed of numerous strongholds, a formidable train of artillery, and a fighting force of 5000 men.  Considering himself strong enough to attempt the reduction of Orenburg, the capital of the southern provinces, he marched against it.  Here, however, he encountered a stubborn resistance, and attack after attack was repulsed with heavy loss.  These repeated failures did not discourage the pretender or his adherents.  The Cossacks continued to flock to his banners, and when General Carr, who had been despatched from Moscow to suppress the revolt, arrived in the neighbourhood of Orenburg, he found the rebel chief at the head of 16,000 soldiers.  An advanced guard, which was sent to harass his movements, fell into the hands of Pugatscheff, who nearly exterminated it, and straightway hanged the officers who were made captive, according to his usual custom.  Emboldened by his success, he attacked the main body, and ignominiously defeated it in the open field; and Carr, panic-struck, fled to the capital, leaving General Freyman, if possible, to oppose the advance of the revolutionists.  The result of this decisive victory was soon apparent.  Province after province declared in favour of the pretender, chief after chief placed his sword at his service, and Pugatscheff began to play the emperor in earnest.  He conferred titles upon his most distinguished officers, granted sealed commissions, and constructed foundries and powder manufactories in various places.

Catherine, by this time thoroughly alarmed, despatched another army to the Ukraine under General Bibikoff, an experienced and resolute officer.  He arrived at Casan in February 1774, and issued a manifesto, exposing Pugatscheff’s imposture, and calling upon the rebels to lay down their arms.  Pugatscheff replied by another manifesto, declaring himself the Czar, Peter III., and threatening vengeance against all who resisted his just claims.  He also caused coin to be impressed with his effigy, and the inscription “Redivivus et Ultor.”  In the meantime he continued to lay siege to Orenburg and