brought him in 1907 within the scope of the Indian Criminal Code.  Mr. Bepin Chandra Pal, a high-caste Hindu and a man of great intellectual force and high character, has not only received a Western education, but has travelled a great deal in Europe and in America, and is almost as much at home in London as in Calcutta.  A little more than three years ago he delivered in Madras a series of lectures on the “New Spirit,” which have been republished in many editions and may be regarded as the most authoritative programme of “advanced” political thought in India.  What adds greatly to the significance of those speeches is that Mr. Pal borrowed their keynote from the Presidential address delivered in the preceding year by the veteran leader of the “moderates,” Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, at the annual Session of the Indian National Congress.  The rights of India, Mr. Naoroji had said, “can be comprised in one word—­self-government or Swaraj, like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies.”  It was reserved for Mr. Pal to define precisely how such Swaraj could be peacefully obtained and what it must ultimately lead to.  He began by brushing away the notion that any political concessions compatible with the present dependency of India upon Great Britain could help India to Swaraj.  I will quote his own words, which already foreshadowed the contemptuous reception given by “advanced” politicians to the reforms embodied in last year’s Indian Councils Act:—­

You may get a High Court judgeship here, membership of the Legislative Council there, possibly an Executive Membership of the Council.  Or do you want an expansion of the Legislative Councils?  Do you want that a few Indians shall sit as your representatives in the House of Commons?  Do you want a large number of Indians in the Civil Service?  Let us see whether 50, 100, 200, or 300 civilians will make the Government our own....  The whole Civil Service might be Indian, but the Civil servants have to carry out orders—­they cannot direct, they cannot dictate the policy.  One swallow does not make the summer.  One civilian, 100 or 1,000 civilians in the service of the British Government will not make that Government Indian.  There are traditions, there are laws, there are policies to which every civilian, be he black or brown or white, must submit, and as long as these traditions have not been altered, as long as these principles have not been amended, as long as that policy has not been radically changed, the supplanting of European by Indian agency will not make for self-government in this country.

Nor is it from the British Government that Mr. Pal looks for, or would accept, Swaraj:—­