[82] “Ansichten vom Nieder Rhein, Flandern, Holland, England, Frankreich in April, Mai, und Juni 1790” ("Sketches on the Lower Rhine, Flanders,” etc.).  Johann Georg Forster (1754-1794), the author of this book, accompanied his father, the naturalist, in Captain Cook’s journey round the world.  He then settled in Warrington (England) in 1767; taught languages, and translated many foreign books into English, etc.  He left England in 1777, and served many princes on the Continent as librarian, historiographer, etc., amongst others the Czarina Catherine.  He was librarian to the Elector of Mainz when the French Revolution broke out, and was sent as a deputation to Paris by the republicans of that town, who desired union with France.  He died at Paris in 1794.  His prose is considered classical in Germany, having the lightness of French and the power of English gained through his large knowledge of those literatures.

[83] The Mark of Brandenburg.

[84] It is to be regretted that Froebel has not developed this point more fully.  He speaks of “die Betrachtung des Zahlensinnes in horizontaler oder Seiten-Richtung,” and one would be glad of further details of this view of number.  We think that the full expression of the thought here shadowed out, is to be found in the Kindergarten occupations of mat-weaving, stick-laying, etc., in their arithmetical aspect.  Certainly in these occupations, instead of number being built up as with bricks, etc., it is laid along horizontally.

[85] Carl Christian Friedrich Krause, an eminent philosopher, and the most learned writer on freemasonry in his day, was born in 1781. at Eisenberg, in Saxony.  From 1801 to 1804 he was a professor at Jena, afterwards teaching in Dresden, Goettingen, and Munich, at which latter place he died in 1832.

[86] Lorenz Oken, the famous naturalist and man of science, was born at Rohlsbach, in Swabia, 1st August, 1779. (His real name was Ockenfuss.) In 1812 Oken was appointed ordinary professor of natural history at Jena, and in 1816 he founded his celebrated journal, the Isis, devoted chiefly to science, but also admitting comments on political matters.  The latter having given offence to the Court of Weimar, Oken was called upon either to resign his professorship or suppress the Isis.  He chose the former alternative, sent in his resignation, transferred the publication of the Isis to Rudolstadt, and remained at Jena as a private teacher of science.  In 1821 he broached in the Isis the idea of an annual gathering of German savants, and it was carried out successfully at Leipzig in the following year.  To Oken, therefore, may be indirectly ascribed the genesis of the annual scientific gatherings common on the Continent, as well as of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which at the outset was avowedly organised after his model.  He died in 1851.