attempts to account for the mystery of the world, were not causes at all, but only incidents by the way, since the catastrophe had been arranged for since the beginning of time.  The main cause (in this sense) is Wotan’s lust for power, and Wagner reads it thus:  since to hold and exercise this power compels Wotan to do things which are a violence to his best nature, to thrust love from him, he voluntarily abdicates and calmly awaits the end.  He first makes several struggles to keep the power while shifting its responsibilities, and these form the subject of three of the four dramas.

The power is symbolised by the gold of the Rhine; this gold, made into a Ring—­the Nibelung’s Ring—­gives absolute power to its possessor.  It is accursed; the curse being what I have just mentioned—­that the power cannot be exercised without its possessor doing violence to his nature, thereby destroying that nature.  Wotan thinks if an absolutely free agent, a hero owing nothing to any one, bound by no conditions, could gain this Ring, his power might be preserved:  he might defy even Fate, since no conditions were attached to the possession of it.  He makes the initial mistake when he determines to raise up such a hero:  the hero’s act is as much Wotan’s as if Wotan had himself committed it.

After this description of the main dramatic motive of the Ring, those—­if there are any now alive—­who are unfamiliar with the work may have no desire to see it, whilst those who know it may imagine that I am purposely misrepresenting it.  I beg both classes of readers to be patient.  If this were the whole Ring it would indeed be a barren, bleak and desolate affair.  This is nothing more than the frame which contains the dramas which make the Ring the great work it is—­the dramas with their wealth of passion and colour, their hundred varied emotions and scenes of love and tragedy.  Before proceeding to deal with them separately, let me again mention one point.  There is the flat contradiction between the Wotan who knows that when the moment arrives his reign must automatically end, and the Wotan who hopes to go on reigning by getting possession of the Ring through the agency of a fearless hero who has struck no bargain with the powers who are stronger than the gods.  That contradiction is inherent in the saga, and had Wagner been able to eliminate it—­as he tried by diving through the saga and to the myth behind—­the very essence and atmosphere of the drama would have been eliminated also.  The idea of predetermined destiny colours that drama throughout; the whole thing might be the old Scandinavian way of stating a problem older than Scandinavia, that of free-will and predestination.

III