them so much, that instead of defending their persons, they endeavoured only to save their faces.[10] 20.  A total rout ensued; they fled to the neighbouring mountains, while the archers and slingers, who were thus abandoned, were cut to pieces. 21.  Caesar now commanded the cohorts to pursue their success, and charge Pompey’s troops upon the flank:  this charge the enemy withstood for some time with great bravery, till Caesar brought up his third line, which had not yet engaged. 22.  Pompey’s infantry being thus doubly attacked, in front by fresh troops, and in the rear by the victorious cohorts, could no longer resist, but fled to their camp.  The flight began among the strangers.  Pompey’s right wing still valiantly maintained their ground. 23.  Caesar, however, convinced that the victory was certain, with his usual clemency cried out to pursue the strangers, but to spare the Romans; upon which they all laid down their arms and received quarter.  The greatest slaughter was among the auxiliaries, who fled on all sides. 24.  The battle had now lasted from break of day till noon, and the weather was extremely hot; nevertheless, the conquerors remitted not their ardour, being encouraged by the example of a general, who thought his victory incomplete till he should become master of the enemy’s camp.  Accordingly, marching on foot at their head, he called upon them to follow and strike the decisive blow. 25.  The cohorts which were left to defend the camp, for some time made a formidable resistance; particularly a great number of Thra’cians and other barbarians, who were appointed for that purpose; but nothing could resist the ardour of Caesar’s victorious army; the enemy were at last driven from the trenches, and compelled to fly to the mountains.

Questions for Examination.

1.  What was the state of Caesar’s army immediately before the battle of Pharsalia?

2.  What effect had the approaching event on the minds of men?

3.  What were the respective advantages of each army?

4.  On what did they principally build their hopes?

5.  Who was the first to offer battle?

6.  How did Caesar act on this occasion?

7.  What followed?

8.  What effect had this intelligence on Caesar’s plan?

9.  Of what number of troops were each of the armies composed?

10.  What did Caesar consider necessary to be done to remedy this dis-proportion?

11.  What were Pompey’s expectations and boasts?

12.  What was the conduct of the generals?

13.  Repeat Pompey’s address to his troops?

14.  How did Caesar encourage his men?

15.  What effect had this speech, and what was the word on both sides?

16.  In what manner did the attack commence?

17.  Describe the progress of the battle?

18.  What means did Caesar adopt to prevent a defeat?

19.  Was this measure successful?