There are two ways of clarifying liquids—­ebullition and precipitation; one forces the impurities to the surface as scum, the other sends them to the bottom as dregs.  The former is the more offensive, and that seems to be our way; but neither is useful if the impurities are merely separated but not removed.  We are told with tiresome iteration that our social and political systems are clarifying; but when is the skimmer to appear?  If the purpose of free institutions is good government where is the good government?—­when may it be expected to begin?—­how is it to come about?  Systems of government have no sanctity; they are practical means to a simple end—­the public welfare; worthy of no respect if they fail of its accomplishment.  The tree is known by its fruit.  Ours is bearing crab-apples.  If the body politic is constitutionally diseased, as I verily believe; if the disorder inheres in the system; there is no remedy.  The fever must burn itself out, and then Nature will do the rest.  One does not prescribe what time alone can administer.  We have put our criminals and dunces into power; do we suppose they will efface themselves?  Will they restore to us the power of governing them?  They must have their way and go their length.  The natural and immemorial sequence is:  tyranny, insurrection, combat.  In combat everything that wears a sword has a chance—­even the right.  History does not forbid us to hope.  But it forbids us to rely upon numbers; they will be against us.  If history teaches anything worth learning it teaches that the majority of mankind is neither good nor wise.  When government is founded upon the public conscience and the public intelligence the stability of states is a dream.

In that moment of time that is covered by historical records we have abundant evidence that each generation has believed itself wiser and better than any of its predecessors; that each people has believed itself to have the secret of national perpetuity.  In support of this universal delusion there is nothing to be said; the desolate places of the earth cry out against it.  Vestiges of obliterated civilizations cover the earth; no savage but has camped upon the sites of proud and populous cities; no desert but has heard the statesman’s boast of national stability.  Our nation, our laws, our history—­all shall go down to everlasting oblivion with the others, and by the same road.  But I submit that we are traveling it with needless haste.

It can be spared—­this Jonah’s gourd civilization of ours.  We have hardly the rudiments of a true one; compared with the splendors of which we catch dim glimpses in the fading past, ours are as an illumination of tallow candles.  We know no more than the ancients; we only know other things, but nothing in which is an assurance of perpetuity, and little that is truly wisdom.  Our vaunted elixir vitae is the art of printing.  What good will that do when posterity, struck by the inevitable intellectual blight, shall have ceased to read what is printed?  Our libraries will become its stables, our books its fuel.