FUNCTIONALIZATION IN MANAGEMENT.—­“Functional Management” consists, to quote Dr. Taylor, “in so directing the work of management that each man from the assistant superintendent down shall have as few functions as possible to perform.  If practicable, the work of each man in the management should be confined to the performance of a single leading function."[5]

A study of functionalization as applied to management must answer the following questions: 

1.  How is the work divided? 2.  How are the workers assigned to the work? 3.  What are the results to the work? 4.  What are the results to the worker?

TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT SELDOM FUNCTIONALIZES.—­Under Traditional Management the principle of Functionalization was seldom applied or understood.  Even when the manager tried to separate planning from performing, or so to divide the work that each worker could utilize his special ability, there were no permanently beneficial results, because there was no standard method of division.

THE WORK OF THE FOREMAN NOT PROPERLY DIVIDED.—­The work of a foreman was not divided, but the well rounded man, as Dr. Taylor says,[6] was supposed to have

1.  Brain 2.  Education 3.  Special or technical knowledge, manual dexterity or strength 4.  Tact 5.  Energy 6.  Grit 7.  Honesty 8.  Judgment, or common sense 9.  Good health.

Dr. Taylor says—­“Plenty of men who possess only three of the above qualities can be hired at any time for laborer’s wages.  Add four of these qualities together, and you get a higher priced man.  The man combining five of these qualities begins to be hard to find, and those with 6, 7 and 8 are almost impossible to get.”

Yet, under Traditional Management these general qualities and many points of specific training were demanded of the foreman.  Dr. Taylor has enumerated the qualifications or the duties of a gang boss in charge of lathes or planers.[7] Careful reading of this enumeration will show most plainly that the demands made were almost impossible of fulfillment.[8]

Another list which is interesting is found in “Cost Reducing System,” a long list of the duties of the Ideal Superintendent or foreman in construction work.[9]

                    QUALIFICATIONS AND DUTIES OF
                        FIRST CLASS FOREMAN

    A first class foreman must have: 
      bodily
      strength
      brains
      common sense
      education
      energy
      good health
      good judgment
      grit
      manual dexterity
      special knowledge
      tact
      technical knowledge.

    He must be: 
      able to concentrate his mind upon small things
      able to read drawings readily
      able to visualize the work at every stage of its progress,
        and even before it begins
      a master of detail
      honest
      master of at least one trade.