appears in Sally, Dolly, Hal P for m in Patty, Peggy; vowel-change in Harry, Jim, Meg, Kitty, &c; and in several of these the double consonant.  To pursue the subject:  re-duplication is used; as in Nannie, Nell, Dandie; and (by substitution) in Bob.  Ded would be of ill omen; therefore we have, for Edward, Ned or Ted, n and t being coheir to d; for Rick, Dick, perhaps on account of the final d in Richard.  Letters are dropped for softness:  as Fanny for Franny, Bab for Barb, Wat for Walt.  Maud is Norman for Mald, from Mathild, as Bauduin for Baldwin.  Argidius becomes Giles, our nursery friend Gill, who accompanied Jack in his disastrous expedition “up the hill.”  Elizabeth gives birth to Elspeth, Eliza (Eloisa?), Lisa, Lizzie, Bet, Betty, Betsy, Bessie, Bess; Alexander (x=_cs_) to Allick and Sandie.  What are we to say of Jack for John?  It seems to be from Jacques, which is the French for our James?  How came the confusion?  I do not remember to have met with the name James in early English history; and it seems to have reached us from Scotland.  Perhaps, as Jean and Jaques were among the commonest French names, John came into use as a baptismal name, and Jaques or Jack entered by its side as a familiar term.  But this is a mere guess; and I solicit further information.  John answers to the German Johann or Jehann, the Sclavonic Ivan, the Italian Giovanni (all these languages using a strengthening consonant to begin the second syllable):  the French Jean, the Spanish Juan, James to the German Jacob, the Italian Giacomo, the French Jacques, the Spanish Jago.  It is observable that of these, James and Giacomo alone have the m.  Is James derived from Giacomo?  How came the name into Scotland?

Of German pet-names some are formed by abbreviation; some also add s, as Fritz for Frieds from Friedrich, Hanns for Hann from Johann. (To this answers our s or c in the forms Betsy, Nancy, Elsie, &c.) Some take chen (our kin, as mannikin) as Franschen, Hannchen.  Thus Catskin in the nursery ballad which appears in Mr. Halliwell’s Collection, is a corruption of Kaetchen Kitty.  Most of our softened words are due to the smooth-tongued Normans.  The harsh Saxon Schrobbesbyrigschire, or Shropshire, was by them softened into le Comte de Salop, and both names are still used.

BENJ.  H. KENNEDY.

Shrewsbury, Feb. 2. 1850.

* * * * *

LACEDAEMONIAN BLACK BROTH.

If your readers are not already as much disgusted with Spartan Black Broth as Dionysius was {243} with the first mouthful, I beg leave to submit a few supplementary words to the copious indications of your correspondents “R.O.” and “W.”

Selden says:—­

“It was an excellent question of Lady Cotton, when Sir Robert Cotton was magnifying of a shoe, which was Moses’s or Noah’s, and wondering at the strange shape and fashion of it:  ’But, Mr. Cotton,’ says she, ‘are you sure it is a shoe?’”

Now, from the following passage in Manso’s Sparta, it would seem that a similar question might be put on the present occasion:  Are you sure that it was broth? Speaking of the pheiditia, Manso says:—­