discharge.  The famous culverin of Bolduc was said to carry a ball from that city to Bommel.  The culverin of Nancy, made in 1598, was more than twenty-three feet in length.  There is now an ancient cannon in the arsenal at Metz of about this length, which carries a ball of one hundred and forty pounds.  Cannon balls were found at Paris as late as 1712, weighing near two hundred pounds, and from twelve to sixteen inches in diameter.  At the siege of Constantinople in 1453, there was a famous metallic bombard which threw stone balls of an incredible size; at the siege of Bourges in 1412, a cannon was used which, it was said, threw stone balls “of the size of mill-stones.”  The Gantois, under Arteville, made a bombard fifty feet in length, whose report was heard at a distance of ten leagues!

The first cannon were made of wood, and covered with sheet-iron, or embraced by iron rings:  longitudinal bars of iron were afterwards substituted for the wooden form.  Towards the end of the fourteenth century, brass, tin, copper, wrought and cast iron, were successively used for this purpose.  The bores of the pieces were first made in a conical shape, and it was not until a much later period that the cylindrical form was introduced.

In the wars between the Spaniards and Moors in the latter part of the fifteenth century, very great use was made of artillery in sieges and battles.  Ferdinand the Catholic had at this time, probably, a larger artillery train than any other European power.  The Spanish cannon, generally very large, were composed of iron bars about two inches in breadth, held together by bolts and rings of the same metal.  The pieces were firmly attached to their carriages, and incapable of either horizontal or vertical movement.  The balls thrown by them were usually of marble, though sometimes of iron.  Many of the pieces used at the siege of Baza, in 1486, are still to be seen in that city, and also the cannon balls then in use.  Some of the latter are fourteen inches in diameter, and weigh one hundred and seventy-five pounds.  The length of the cannon was about twelve feet.  These dimensions are a proof of a slight improvement in this branch of military science, which was, nevertheless, still in its infancy.  The awkwardness of artillery at this period may be judged of by its slowness of fire.  At the siege of Zeteuel, in 1407, five “bombards,” as the heavy pieces of ordnance were then called, were able to discharge only forty shot in the course of a day; and it is noticed as a remarkable circumstance at the siege of Albahar, that two batteries discharged one hundred and forty balls in the course of the twenty-four hours!