in the Speedy Return from Scotland, arrived to find the Spaniards assailing the adventurers.  He cleared the Spaniards out of their fort in fifteen minutes, but the Colonial Council learned that Spain was launching a small but adequate armada against them.  After an honourable resistance the garrison capitulated, and marched out with colours flying (March 30).  This occurred just when Scotland was celebrating the arrival of the news of Fonab’s gallant feat of arms.

At home the country was full of discontent:  William’s agent at Hamburg had prevented foreigners from investing in the Scots company.  English colonists had been forbidden to aid the Scottish adventurers.  Two hundred thousand pounds, several ships, and many lives had been lost.  “It is very like 1641,” wrote an onlooker, so fierce were the passions that raged against William.  The news of the surrender of the colonists increased the indignation.  The king refused (November 1700) to gratify the Estates by regarding the Darien colony as a legal enterprise.  To do so was to incur war with Spain and the anger of his English subjects.  Yet the colony had been legally founded in accordance with the terms of the Act of Patent.  While the Scots dwelt on this fact, William replied that the colony being extinct, circumstances were altered.  The Estates voted that Darien was a lawful colony, and (1701) in an address to the Crown demanded compensation for the nation’s financial losses.  William replied with expressions of sympathy and hopes that the two kingdoms would consider a scheme of Union.  A Bill for Union brought in through the English Lords was rejected by the English Commons.

There was hardly an alternative between Union and War between the two nations.  War there would have been had the exiled Prince of Wales been brought up as a Presbyterian.  His father James VII. died a few months before William III. passed away on March 7, 1702.  Louis XIV. acknowledged James, Prince of Wales, as James III. of England and Ireland and VIII, of Scotland; and Anne, the boy’s aunt, ascended the throne.  As a Stuart she was not unwelcome to the Jacobites, who hoped for various chances, as Anne was believed to be friendly to her nephew.

In 1701 was passed an Act for preventing wrongous imprisonment and against undue delay in trials.  But Nevile Payne continued to be untried and illegally imprisoned.  Offenders, generally, could “run their letters” and protest, if kept in durance untried for sixty days.

The Revolution of 1688-89, with William’s very reluctant concessions, had placed Scotland in entirely new relations with England.  Scotland could now no longer be “governed by the pen” from London; Parliament could no longer be bridled and led, at English will, by the Lords of the Articles.  As the religious mainspring of Scottish political life, the domination of the preachers had been weakened by the new settlement of the Kirk; as the country