5.  It would appear, that the vascular system of other animals are less liable to be put into action by their general sum of pleasurable or painful sensation; and that the trains of their ideas, and the muscular motions usually associated with them, are less powerfully connected than in the human system.  For other animals neither weep, nor smile, nor laugh; and are hence seldom subject to delirium, as treated of in Sect.  XVI. on Instinct.  Now as our epidemic and contagious diseases are probably produced by disagreeable sensation, and not simply by irritation; there appears a reason, why brute animals are less liable to epidemic or contagious diseases; and secondly, why none of our contagions, as the small-pox or measles, can be communicated to them, though one of theirs, viz. the hydrophobia, as well as many of their poisons, as those of snakes and of in insects, communicate their deleterious or painful effects to mankind.

Where the quantity of general painful sensation is too great in the system, inordinate voluntary exertions are produced either of our ideas, as in melancholy and madness, or of our muscles, as in convulsion.  From these maladies also brute animals are much more exempt than mankind, owing to their greater inaptitude to voluntary exertion, as mentioned in Sect.  XVI. on Instinct.

II. 1.  When any moving organ is excited into such violent motions, that a quantity of pleasurable or painful sensation is produced, it frequently happens (but not always) that new motions of the affected organ are generated in consequence of the pain or pleasure, which are termed inflammation.

These new motions are of a peculiar kind, tending to distend the old, and to produce new fibres, and thence to elongate the straight muscles, which serve locomotion, and to form new vessels at the extremities or sides of the vascular muscles.

2.  Thus the pleasurable sensations produce an enlargement of the nipples of nurses, of the papillae of the tongue, of the penis, and probably produce the growth of the body from its embryon state to its maturity; whilst the new motions in consequence of painful sensation, with the growth of the fibres or vessels, which they occasion, are termed inflammation.

Hence when the straight muscles are inflamed, part of their tendons at each extremity gain new life and sensibility, and thus the muscle is for a time elongated; and inflamed bones become soft, vascular, and sensible.  Thus new vessels shoot over the cornea of inflamed eyes, and into scirrhous tumours, when they become inflamed; and hence all inflamed parts grow together by intermixture, and inosculation of the new and old vessels.

The heat is occasioned from the increased secretions either of mucus, or of the fibres, which produce or elongate the vessels.  The red colour is owing to the pellucidity of the newly formed vessels, and as the arterial parts of them are probably formed before their correspondent venous parts.