These vices are the causes of those storms.  Religion, morals, laws, prerogatives, privileges, liberties, rights of men, are the pretexts.  The pretexts are always found in some specious appearance of a real good.  You would not secure men from tyranny and sedition by rooting out of the mind the principles to which these fraudulent pretexts apply?  If you did, you would root out everything that is valuable in the human breast.  As these are the pretexts, so the ordinary actors and instruments in great public evils are kings, priests, magistrates, senates, parliaments, national assemblies, judges, and captains.  You would not cure the evil by resolving that there should be no more monarchs, nor ministers of state, nor of the Gospel,—­no interpreters of law, no general officers, no public councils.  You might change the names:  the things in some shape must remain.  A certain quantum of power must always exist in the community, in some hands, and under some appellation.  Wise men will apply their remedies to vices, not to names,—­to the causes of evil, which are permanent, not to the occasional organs by which they act, and the transitory modes in which they appear.  Otherwise you will be wise historically, a fool in practice.  Seldom have two ages the same fashion in their pretexts, and the same modes of mischief.  Wickedness is a little more inventive.  Whilst you are discussing fashion, the fashion is gone by.  The very same vice assumes a new body.  The spirit transmigrates; and, far from losing its principle of life by the change of its appearance, it is renovated in its new organs with the fresh vigor of a juvenile activity.  It walks abroad, it continues its ravages, whilst you are gibbeting the carcass or demolishing the tomb.  You are terrifying yourselves with ghosts and apparitions, whilst your house is the haunt of robbers.  It is thus with all those who, attending only to the shell and husk of history, think they are waging war with intolerance, pride, and cruelty, whilst, under color of abhorring the ill principles of antiquated parties, they are authorizing and feeding the same odious vices in different factions, and perhaps in worse.

Your citizens of Paris formerly had lent themselves as the ready instruments to slaughter the followers of Calvin, at the infamous massacre of St. Bartholomew.  What should we say to those who could think of retaliating on the Parisians of this day the abominations and horrors of that time?  They are, indeed, brought to abhor that massacre.  Ferocious as they are, it is not difficult to make them dislike it, because the politicians and fashionable teachers have no interest in giving their passions exactly the same direction.  Still, however, they find it their interest to keep the same savage dispositions alive.  It was but the other day that they caused this very massacre to be acted on the stage for the diversion of the descendants of those who committed it.  In this tragic farce