4.  The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic, Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.

5.  Ictus.  In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives the greater prominence.  This prominence is called ictus.[61] It is denoted thus:  _/ v v ; _/ v .

6.  Thesis and Arsis.  The syllable which receives the ictus is called the thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.

7.  Elision.  Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h.  In reading, we omit the elided syllable entirely.  This may be indicated as follows:  corpor^e in uno; mult^um ill^e et; monstr^um horrendum; caus^ae irarum.

  a.  Omission of elision is called Hiatus.  It occurs especially before and
  after monosyllabic interjections; as, O et praesidium.

8.  The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesura (cutting) Every verse usually has one prominent caesura.  The ending of a word and foot together within the verse is called a diaeresis.

9.  Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic.  A Catalectic verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.

10.  At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred.  Hence the final syllable may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.

11.  Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to the number of dipodies (pairs of feet) which they contain.  Dactylic verses are measured by single feet, and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.

SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.

367. 1.  Synizesis (synaeresis).  Two successive vowels in the interior of a word are often united into a long syllable; as,—­

    aur{ei}s, d{ei}nde, ant{ei}re, d{ee}sse.

2.  Diastole.  A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,—­

    videt, audit.

3.  Systole.  A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,—­

    steterunt.

  a.  Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes.  They usually
  represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the
  ordinary speech.

4.  After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v.  The preceding syllable then becomes long; as,—­

    abjete for abiete; genva for genua.

5.  Sometimes v becomes u; as,—­

    silua for silva; dissoluo for dissolvo.

6.  Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable.  Such a verse is called an Hypermeter.  The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synapheia.  Thus:—­