that exists in every village.  The “penitente” wears only a pair of loose thin white cotton trousers, and is beaten on the back by another native first with hands and then with a piece of wood with little metal points in it until the blood flows freely.  Thus he walks from visita to visita, with covered face, beating himself with a cord, into the end of which is braided a bunch of sticks about the size of lead pencils.  He prostrates himself in the dust and is beaten on the back and soles of his feet with a flail.  At every stream he plunges into it, and grovels before every visita.  From all the houses as he passes comes the chant of the Passion. (Lieut.  Charles Norton Barney, who was an eye-witness of the flagellation—­“Circumcision and flagellation among the Filipinos,” in the Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons, September, 1903.)

[15] See Vol.  IX, note 13.  Roberto Bellarmino, born in 1542, entered the Jesuit order in 1560, becoming one of its most famous theological writers.  He was long connected with the college at Rome, and later was successively provincial of Naples, a cardinal of the Roman church (from 1599), and archbishop of Capua (1602-05); he died at Rome, September 17, 1621, Perhaps the most widely known of his works is the Doctrina christiana (Rome, 1598); it passed through many editions, abridgments, and translations, having been rendered into more than fifty languages.  See account of these in Sommervogel’s Bibliotheque de la Compagnie de Jesus, art.  “Bellarmino.”  “He was the first Jesuit who had ever taken part in the election of a pope”—­Cretineau-Joly’s Hist.  Comp. de Jesus (Paris, 1859), iii, p. 106.  This refers to the election of Paul V (1605).

[16] In the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library) i, pp. 341-381, is a copy of a letter (dated June 11, 1611) from Father Armano to his provincial, Gregorio Lopez, detailing the achievements of Silva’s expedition to the Moluccas in 1611—­on which occasion Silva restored to his throne Zayri, king of Ternate, who had been kept as a prisoner at Manila for five years.  Rizal says in his edition of Morga, p. 247, note 1, that this king did not return to his island.  He was probably taken back to Manila shortly after this restoration.

[17] Pedro Solier was born about 1578; he entered the Augustinian order in 1593 at Salamanca, where he remained five years, and then joined the Philippine mission.  In 1603 he went to Spain on business of his order, returning to the islands in 1606.  Elected provincial of his order in 1608, he held that office for two years; and in 1610, “on account of the deposal of Father Lorenzo de Leon, journeyed to Spain to make a report of that unpleasant incident” (Perez’s Catalogo, p. 57).