The repeal of the silver purchase clause of the Sherman Act was accomplished in a special session of Congress, November 1, 1893.  Since this repeal, the silver policy of the Government has been as it was before the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, which involves a complete suspension of silver coinage.  The Acts of 1878 and of 1890 were compromise measures, agreed to by the opponents of silver coinage in order to prevent the passage of a bill providing for full unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1.  Speaking in his Recollections of the situation in 1890, Senator Sherman says:  “The situation at that time was critical.  A large majority of the Senate favored free silver, and it was feared that the small majority against it in the other House might yield and agree to it.  The silence of the President on the matter gave rise to an apprehension that if a free coinage bill should pass both Houses he would not feel at liberty to veto it.  Some action had to be taken to prevent a return to free silver coinage, and the measure evolved was the best obtainable.  I voted for it, but the day it became a law I was ready to repeal it, if repeal could be had without substituting in its place absolute free coinage.”

Since 1893 the contention has been carried on by the silver men in a public agitation in favor of free silver coinage, without compromise or international agreement, and this year (1896), by our form of political referendum, the question has been referred to the people for decision.

We have attempted to include four representative orations on this complex subject, from four of our most prominent public men.  The literature of the subject is unlimited.  Mr. Morrill is a representative advocate of the gold standard.  In the same discussion Mr. Blaine offers a compromise position.  Senator Sherman is an international bimetallist and a pronounced opponent of independent silver coinage.  He has given much attention—­probably no one has given more—­to financial questions during a long public life.  Senator Jones is recognized as one of the ablest advocates and one of the deepest students of monetary problems on the free silver side of the controversy.  The extracts from these speeches will indicate the merits of the long debate on silver coinage,—­the greatest question in our financial history in a quarter of a century.

The reform of the Civil Service has been a subject of public attention especially since 1867.  The public service of the United States is divided into three branches, the civil, military, and naval.  By the civil service we mean that which is neither military nor naval, and it comprises all the offices by which the civil administration is carried on.  The struggle for Civil Service Reform has been an effort to substitute what is known as the “Merit System” for what is known as the “Spoils System”; to require that appointment to public office should depend, not upon the applicant’s having rendered