The Takelly, or Carrier language is a dialect of the Chippewayan; and it is rather a singular fact, that the two intervening dialects of the Beaver Indians and Tsekanies, kindred nations, should differ more from the Chippewayan than the Carrier; the two latter nations being perfectly intelligible to each other, while the former are but very imperfectly understood by their immediate neighbours, the Chippewayans.

An erroneous opinion seems to have gone abroad regarding the variety of languages spoken by the Indians.  There are, in reality, only four radically distinct languages from the shores of Labrador to the Pacific:  Sauteux, Chippewayan, Atna and Chinook.  The Cree language is evidently a dialect of the Sauteux, similar in construction, and differing only in the modification of a few words.  The Nascopies, or mountaineers of Labrador, speak a mixture of Cree and Sauteux, the former predominating.

Along the communication from Montreal to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, following the Peace River route, we first meet with the Sauteux tribes, who extend from the Lake of the Two Mountains to Lake Winnipeg; then the Crees to Isle a la Crosse; after them, Crees and Chippewayans to Athabasca; and along the banks of Peace River, the Beaver Indians occupy the lower, and the Tsekanies the upper part.  The Chippewayan is evidently the root of the Beaver, Tsekany and Carrier dialects; it is also spoken by a numerous tribe in the McKenzie’s River district—­the Hare Indians.

On the west side of the Rocky Mountains the Carrier language is succeeded by the Atna, which extends along the Columbia as far down, as the Chinooks, who inhabit the coast.  The Atna language, in its variety of dialects, seems to have as wide a scope as either the Sauteux or Chippewayan.

New Caledonia is one of the richest districts in the Company’s vast domain; its returns average about 8,000 beavers, with a fair proportion of other valuable furs.  When the district was first settled, the goods required for trade were brought in by the winterers from Lac la Pluie, which was their depot.  The people left the district as early in spring as the navigation permitted, and returned so late that they were frequently overtaken by winter ere they reached their destination.  Cold, hunger, and fatigue, were the unavoidable consequences; but the enterprising spirit of the men of those days—­the intrepid, indefatigable adventurers of the North-West Company—­overcame every difficulty.  It was that spirit that opened a communication across the broad continent of America; that penetrated to the frostbound regions of the Arctic circle; and that established a trade with the natives in this remote land, when the merchandise required for it was in one season transported from Montreal to within a short distance of the Pacific.  Such enterprise has never been exceeded, seldom or never equalled.  The outfit is now sent out from England by Cape Horn, to Fort Vancouver, thence it is conveyed in boats to Okanagan, then transported on horses’ backs to Alexandria, the lower post of the district, whence it is conveyed in boats to Fort St. James.