open for drift, to avoid being caught, and never to anchor on a lee shore; and if perchance you get trapped, as hundreds have been, get out of it quickly, if you can, before a gale comes on.  But in no case is it good seamanship to anchor.  There is always a better chance of saving both the ship and lives by driving ashore in the square effort to beat off rather than by anchoring.  The cables, more often than not, part, and if they do, the ship is doomed, and so may lives be.  Hundreds of sailing vessels were saved in other days by the skill of their commanders in carrying out a plan, long since forgotten, called clubhauling off a lee shore.  Few sailors living to-day will know the phrase, or how to apply it to advantage.  It was a simple method, requiring ability, of helping the vessel to tack when the wind and sea made it impossible in the ordinary way.  A large kedge with a warp bent on was let go on either the port or starboard quarter at an opportune moment to make sure the vessel would cant the right way, and then the warp was cut with an axe.  In the writer’s opinion, it would have been just as unwise to anchor at Trafalgar after the battle, in view of the weather and all circumstances, as it would be to anchor on the Yorkshire or any part of the North-East Coast when an easterly gale is blowing.  But apart from the folly of it, there were none of the ships that had ground tackle left that was fit to hold a cat.

Without a doubt, Nelson’s mind was distracted and suffering when he gave Hardy the order to anchor.  The shadows were hovering too thickly round him at the time for him to concentrate any sound judgment.  Some writers have condemned Collingwood for not carrying out the dying request of his Commander-in-Chief.  It was a good thing that the command of the fleet fell into the hands of a man who had knowledge and a mind unimpaired to carry out his fixed opinions.  When Hardy conveyed Nelson’s message, he replied, “That is the very last thing that I would have thought of doing,” and he was right.  Had Nelson come out of the battle unscathed, he would assuredly have acted as Collingwood did, and as any well-trained and soundly-balanced sailor would have done.  Besides, he always made a point of consulting “Coll,” as he called him, on great essential matters.  If it had been summer-time and calm, or the wind off the land, and the glass indicating a continuance of fine weather, and provided the vessels’ cables had been sound, it might have paid to risk a change of wind and weather in order to refit with greater expedition and save the prizes, but certainly not in the month of October in that locality, where the changes are sudden and severe.  Collingwood acted like a sound hardheaded man of affairs in salving all he could and destroying those he could not without risk of greater disaster.

Collingwood’s account of his difficulties after the battle was won is contained in the following letter to his father-in-law:—­