[1054] Ibid., pp. 83, 88-91.

[1055] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  III, pp. 166-167.  London. 1896-1898.

[1056] James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, p. 107.  New York, 1897.

[1057] Herodotus, Melpomene, 19, 46.

[1058] Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, Vol.  I, p. 262.  Oxford, 1892.

[1059] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  II, p. 220.  London, 1896-1898.

[1060] Genesis, XIII, 2, 5.

[1061] James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, p. 474.  New York, 1897.

[1062] Eleventh Census, Indian Report, pp. 143-144.  Washington, 1894.

[1063] Sven Hedin, Central Asia and Tibet, Vol.  I, pp. 18-20.  London and New York, 1903.

[1064] J.L.  Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.  I, pp. 32-33.  London, 1831.

[1065] George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, pp. 8-10.  New York, 1897.

[1066] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.  V, pp. 78-79.  New York, 1858.

[1067] L. March Phillipps, In the Desert, p. 95.  London, 1905.

[1068] Sir Samuel W. Baker, The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, pp. 88, 128, 129, 135.  Hartford, 1868.

[1069] Journey of John de Carpini and William de Rubruquis in 1253, pp. 8, 217.  Hakluyt Society, London, 1903.

[1070] James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, pp. 107, 421.  New York, 1897.

[1071] Wilhelm Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Ackerbaues, p. 44.  Stuttgart, 1888.

[1072] A full discussion in Malthus, Principles of Population, Book I, chap. 7.

[1073] J.L.  Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.  I, pp. 133-144, 157-160.  London, 1831.  S.M.  Zwemer, Arabia, The Cradle of Islam, 155-157.  New York, 1900.

[1074] Vambery, Reise in Mittelasien, pp. 285, 289-297.  Leipzig, 1873.

[1075] Alexis Krausse, Russia in Asia, pp. 127-129.  New York, 1899.

[1076] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol.  III, pp. 174-175.  London, 1896-1898.

[1077] Wallace, Russia, pp. 340-342.  New York, 1904.

[1078] L. March Phillipps, In the Desert, pp. 17, 63-66.  London, 1905.

[1079] Felix Dubois, Timbuctoo, pp. 256, 324-325.  Translated from the French, New York, 1896.

[1080] Heinrich Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, Vol.  I, pp. 287-288, 293, 305.  New York, 1857.

[1081] Felix Dubois, Timbuctoo, pp. 133-134, 203, 206-207, 229, 232, 239-245.  New York, 1896.

[1082] Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, Vol.  II, pp. 1-2, 6, 16-18, 80.  London, 1907.

[1083] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman.  Empire, Vol.  V, p. 87.  New York, 1858.

[1084] Pliny, Historia Naturalis, V, 3.

[1085] Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.  II, p. 495.  New York, 1858.

[1086] Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia, p. 340.  Boston, 1907.