stocks, whose position is made artificially unfavourable.
These doles are at present paid by the minority, and
this method may be expected to continue until the looting
of the propertied classes comes to an enforced end.
This will not take long, for it is certain that the
amount of wealth available for plunder is very much
smaller than is usually supposed. It is easy to
destroy capital values, but very difficult to distribute
them. The time will soon arrive when the patient
sheep will be found to have lost not only his fleece
but his skin, and the privileged workman will then
have to choose between taxing himself and abandoning
socialism. There is little doubt which he will
prefer. The result will be that the festering
sore of our slum-population will dry up, and the gradual
disappearance of this element will be some compensation,
from the eugenic point of view, for the destruction
of the intellectual class. This process will
considerably, and beneficially, diminish the population:
and there are several other factors which will operate
in the same direction. High wage industry can
only maintain itself against the competition of cheaper
labour abroad by introducing every kind of labour-saving
device. The number of hands employed in a factory
must progressively diminish. And as, in spite
of all that ingenuity can do, the competition of the
cheaper races is certain to cripple our foreign trade,
the trade unions will be obliged to provide for a
shrinkage in their numbers. We may expect that
every unionist will be allowed to place one son, and
only one, in the privileged corporation. A man
will become a miner or a railwayman ‘by patrimony,’
and it will be difficult to gain admission to a union
in any other way. The position of those who cannot
find a place within the privileged circle will be
so unhappy that most unionists will take care to have
one son only. Another change which will tend to
discourage families will be the increased employment
of women as bread-winners. Nothing is more remarkable
in the study of vital statistics than the comparative
birth-rates of those districts in which women earn
wages, and of those in which they do not. The
rate of increase among the miners is as great as that
of the reckless casual labourers, and the obvious
reason is that the miner’s wife loses nothing
by having children, since she does not earn wages.
Contrast with these high figures (running up to 40
per thousand) the very low birth-rates of towns like
Bradford, where the women are engaged in the textile
industry and earn regular wages in support of the
family budget. If the time comes when the majority
of women are wage-earners, we may even see the pressure
of population entirely withdrawn. Thus in every
class of the nation influences are at work tending
to a progressive decrease in our national fertility.
It must be remembered, however, that at present the
annual increase, in peace time, is 9 or 10 per thousand,
so that it may be some time before an equilibrium
is reached. But if our predictions are sound,
a positive decrease, and probably a rapid one, is likely
to follow. For our ability to exchange our manufactures
for food will grow steadily less, as the self-indulgent
and ‘work-shy’ labourer succeeds in gaining
his wishes. If the coal begins to give out, the
retreat will become a rout.