of profit in sections of country where land is valuable, and where the expense of production is nearly double what it is in newly-settled districts.  It is a fact that in Michigan, and other Western States, the actual expense of production is about one-half less than the above estimate, and the yield is a fourth greater; the greater distance from market, which is usually New York city, not being taken into account, the freight on oil being comparatively trifling.  Another consideration in favor of prairie cultivation is, that the mint will endure for years by simply ploughing over the surface every second year, which seems to invigorate the herb, and obviates the necessity of replanting every second or third year, as must be done in older settled localities.”

In India the perfumed oils are obtained in the following manner:—­The layers of the jasmine, or other flowers, four inches thick and two inches square, are laid on the ground and covered with layers of sesamum or any other oil yielding seed.  These are laid about the same thickness as the flowers, over which a second layer of flowers like the fruit is placed.  The seed is wetted with water, and the whole mass covered with a sheet, held down at the end and sides by weights, and allowed to remain for eighteen hours in this form.  It is now fit for the mill, unless the perfume is desired to be very strong, when the faded flowers are removed and fresh ones put in their place.  The seed thus impregnated is ground in the usual way in the mill and the oil expressed, having the scent of the flower.  At Ghazipoor the jasmine and bela are chiefly employed; the oil is kept in the dubbers, and sold for about 4s. a seer.

The newest oils afford the finest perfume.  In Europe a fixed oil, usually that of the bean or morerja nut, is employed.  Cotton is soaked in this, and laid over layers of flowers, the oil being squeezed out so soon as impregnated with perfume.  Dr. Johnson thus describes the culture and manufacture:—­

Cultivation of Roses.—­Around the station of Ghazipoor, there are about 300 biggahs (or about 150 acres) of ground laid out in small detached fields as rose gardens, most carefully protected on all sides by high mud walls and prickly pear fences, to keep out the cattle.  These lands, which belong to Zemindars, are planted with rose trees, and are annually let out at so much per biggah for the ground, and so much additional for the rose plants—­generally five rupees per biggah, and twenty-five rupees for the rose trees, of which there are 1,000 in each biggah.  The additional expense for cultivation would be about eight rupees eight annas; so that for thirty-eight rupees eight annas you have for the season one biggah of 1,000 rose trees.

If the season is good, this biggah of 1,000 rose trees should yield one lac of roses.  Purchases for roses are always made at so much per lac.  The price of course varies according