chests. 
In Great Britain for home consumption 9,820
" France total for ditto 10,400
" American ports from London and Liverpool 2,500
" " Calcutta 700
" " Holland, &c 400
Other European countries export from London and Liverpool. 21,530
" " Holland 4,270
" " Calcutta 120
" " France 300
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50,040

MADDER.

This substance, which is so extensively used in dyeing red, is the product of the long slender roots of the Rubia tinctorum, a plant of which there are several varieties.  Our principal supplies of this important article of commerce are obtained from Holland, Belgium, France, Turkey, Spain, and the Balearic Isles, the Italian States, India, and Ceylon.

The plant is generally raised from seed, and requires three years to come to maturity.  It is, however, often pulled in eighteen months without injury to the quality; the quantity only is smaller.  A rich soil is necessary for its successful cultivation, and when the soil is impregnated with alkaline matter, the root acquires a red color; in other cases it is yellow.  The latter is preferred in England, from the long habit of using Dutch madder, which is of this color, but in France the red sells at two francs per cwt. higher, being used for the Turkey-red dye.  Madder does not deteriorate by keeping, provided it be kept dry.  It contains three volatile coloring matters, madder purple, orange, and red.  The latter is in the form of crystals, having a fine orange red color, and called Alizaine.  This is the substance which yields the Turkey-red dye.  The chay root is employed in the East Indies as a substitute for madder, and so is the root of Morinda citrifolia, under the name of Sooranjee.

Turkey madder roots realise about 30s. per cwt.  About 1,100 tons are annually shipped from Naples, worth about L30 per ton.

Madder has become an article of great request, on account of the fine scarlet color produced from its roots, and is so essential to dyers and calico printers that without it they cannot carry on their manufactures.  It is cultivated extensively in Holland, from whence it is imported in large quantities into both England and France, though it is cultivated to some extent in both countries.  It has also been raised as a soiling crop, but the coloring matter is of so penetrating and subtile a character, that the flesh, milk, and even the bones of animals fed upon it are said to be tinged to a considerable degree with it.  The soils best adapted, and which should be selected for its cultivation, are dry, fertile, and deep sandy