from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907 was appointed a Member of the Inland Waterways Commission.  Washington Carruthers Kerr (1827-85), educator and scientist of Ulster Scot parentage, was State Geologist of North Carolina (1866-82), and published many papers and reports on his subject.  John Muir (1838-1914), geologist, explorer, naturalist, and author, was born in Dunbar.  “No man since Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a quicker vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech for their interpretation.”  The establishment of the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks and the great Sierra Forest Reservation are due to his writings.  The famous Muir Glacier in Alaska, discovered by him in 1879, will forever blazon his name.  Other distinguished geologists who may be briefly mentioned are:  Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), Professor of Geology in the University of Iowa, born in Wigtownshire; John James Stevenson (b. 1841), educator and geologist, of Scottish parentage; Erwin Hinckly Barbour (b. 1856), professor of Geology in the University of Nebraska; and William Berryman Scott (b. 1858), the distinguished geologist and palaeontologist of Princeton University.

Asa Gray (1810-88), the greatest of American botanists, was a descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718.  Dr. Alexander Garden (1728-92), famous as a physician and botanist, was Professor of Botany in King’s College (now Columbia University).  His son was a distinguished Revolutionary officer.  Thomas Huston Macbride (b. 1848), President Emeritus of the State University of Iowa, who has written much of value on botany, is of Scottish ancestry.  Beverly Thomas Galloway (b. 1863), descended from John Galloway, an emigrant from Scotland in 1680, Chief of the Division of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture in 1913-14, is the author of several works on plant diseases.  David Trembly Macdougal (b. 1865), Director of the Botanical Research Department of the Carnegie Institution of Washington since 1905, is the grandson of a Scottish immigrant.  His studies relate especially to plant physiology, heredity, and organic evolution.

Stephen Alexander (1806-83), son of a native of Scotland, wrote much on astronomy, and was chief of the expedition to the coast of Labrador to observe the solar eclipse in August, 1869.  James Ferguson (1797-1867), an Engineer employed on the construction of the Erie Canal, was born in Perthshire.  He was later Assistant Astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory, and discovered three asteroids, for which he received medals from the French Academy of Sciences.  Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810-62), who was Director of the Cincinnati Observatory (1845) and later of the Dudley Observatory (1859), inventor of the chronograph and other astronomical apparatus, and became a General in the Civil War, was probably also of Scottish origin.  Maria Mitchell (1818-89), daughter of William Mitchell