treatise on Roman Criminal Law, and to editions of Jordanes, Cassiodorus, the Theodosian Code and the Liber Pontificalis, thus enlarging the sphere of his operations till Rome was swallowed up in the Middle Ages.  His publications extended over sixty years.  There is no immaturity in his early works and no decline in the later.  The imaginative and critical faculties met and balanced, large vision mating with a genius for detail.  The complete assimilation and reproduction of a classical civilization of which scholars have dreamed ever since Scaliger has been achieved by Mommsen alone.  Rome before Mommsen was like modern Europe before Ranke.  We may truly say of him, as was said of Augustus, that he found it of brick and left it of marble.

Mommsen, like Ranke, was the founder of a school; and his inspiration has been felt by every worker in the field of Roman studies.  His successors naturally confine themselves to some special province or period.  Gaetano de Sanctis is far advanced in the most ambitious history of the Republic that has been attempted in the last half-century.  Ferrero’s Greatness and Decline of Rome, though frowned on by scholars, aroused world-wide interest by interpreting the fall of the Republic in terms of economics and psychology.  The political and social crises which fill the century from Sulla to Augustus, he argues, were due to the change of customs caused by the augmentation of wealth, expenditure, and needs.  Of greater value are the attempts to fill in different sections of the vast canvas of Imperial Rome, such as Gardthausen’s monumental survey of the reign of Augustus, Camille Jullian’s volumes on Gaul, and Professor Haverfield’s slender monographs on Britain.  Roman life and culture have been diligently explored; but the extreme paucity of materials makes the recovery of the atmosphere of the early Republic almost impossible.  The most daring attempt was made by Fustel de Coulanges in La Cite Antique, which offered a complete interpretation of early society in terms of religion.  Less harmonious but more convincing pictures of religious life have been painted by Warde Fowler, while the civilization of the Empire has been successively analysed in the fascinating and authoritative works of Friedlaender, Boissier, and Dill.  Meanwhile archaeology contributes a steady stream of new material.  Boni’s excavations in the Forum and on the Palatine have produced sensational results.  The unveiling of Pompeii moves slowly forward, and that of Ostia, the port of Rome, has begun.  The resurrection of Herculaneum should be witnessed by the next generation if not by our own.