Long Vocals. 
Vocal   as in      Vocal   as in
-----   -----      -----   -----
a       hate         e     err
a       hare         i     pine
a       far          o     no
a       pass         u     tube
a       fall         u     burn
e       eve         oo     cool

Short Vocals
Vocal   as in      Vocal   as in
-----   -----      -----   -----
a       mat          o     hot
e       met          u     us
i       it          oo     book

Diphthongs.  Vocal as in ------ -------- oi, oy oil, boy ou, ow out,now

Remark 1.—­In this table, the short sounds, except u, are nearly or quite the same in quality as certain of the long sounds.  The difference consists chiefly in quantity.

Remark 2.  The vocals are often represented by other letters or combinations of letters than those used in the table; for instance, a is represented by ai in hail, ea in steak, etc.

Remark 3.—­As a general rule, the long vocals and the diphthongs should be articulated with a full, clear utterance; but the short vocals have a sharp, distinct, and almost explosive utterance.

SUBVOCALS AND ASPIRATES.

Subvocals are those sounds in which the vocalized breath is more or less obstructed.

Aspirates consist of breath only, modified by the vocal organs.

Words ending with subvocal sounds should be selected for practice on the subvocals; words beginning or ending with aspirate sounds may be used for practice on the aspirates.  Pronounce these words forcibly and distinctly several times in succession; then drop the other sounds, and repeat the subvocals and aspirates alone.  Let the class repeat the words and elements at first in concert, then separately.

Table of Subvocals and Aspirates. 
Subvocal   as in          Subvocal   as in
--------   -----          --------   -----
b          babe              p       rap
d          bad               t       at
g          nag               k       book
j          judge             ch      rich
v          move              f       life
th         with              th      Smith
z          buzz              s       hiss
z          azure(azh’ure)    sh      rush

Remark.—­These sixteen sounds make eight pairs of cognates.  In articulating the aspirates, the vocal organs are put in the position required in the articulation of the corresponding subvocals; but the breath is expelled with some force without the utterance of any vocal sound.  The pupil should first verify this by experiment, and then practice on these cognates.

The following subvocals and aspirates have no cognates.

 Subvocals.

Subvocal   as in      Subvocal   as in
--------   -----      --------   -----
l          mill         r        rule
m          rim          r        car
n          run          w        win
ng         sing         y        yet

ASPIRATES