12.  W.S. eth frequently appears as d in the North; the reverse
  also occurs.  See Bouterwek CXLII-CXLV.  In a few cases eth > t.

  13. C before t where W. S. regularly has h.  See Bouterwek.

  14.  Metathesis of r less extensive than in W. S.

  15.  Preceding g, c, sc did not cause diphthongation in Nhb.
  as often as in W. S.

  16.  Generally speaking, less extensive palatalization in Nhb. than
  in W. S.

  17.  Dropping of final n in infinitives in Northumbrian.

  10.  REMARKS.  METATHESIS OF R.

The above characteristics of O. Nhb. will not only explain a great many later Scotch forms, but also show that a number of words which have been considered loanwords are genuine English.  Sco. daw, “day,” need not necessarily be traced to O.N. dagr.  The W.S. daeg gave Eng. day. Daeg is also the Northern form. Daw may of course be due to a in the oblique cases, but according to 2 dag may have appeared in the nominative case early in the North.  This would develop to daw.  Sco. daw, verb, “to dawn,” is easily explained.  W.S. dagian > dawn regularly, Nhb. dagia (see 17 above) > daw.  The O.N. daga, “to dawn,” is then out of the question.  Sco. mauch, “a kinsman”; the O.E. form was maeg, which would have given may.  In the North the g was probably not palatal.  Furthermore a Northern form mag would regularly develop to maw, might also be mauch (cp. law and lawch, adj., “low,” O.N. lagr).  O.N. magr, “kinsman,” may, however, be the source of mauch.  Sco. hals is not from O.N. hals, but from O. Nhb. hals which corresponded to W. S. heals; Sco. hawse, “to clasp,” (Ramsay, II, 257); comes from O. Nhb. halsiga, W. S. healsian.  (Sco. hailse, “to greet,” is a different word, see loanword list, part II.).  Forms that appear later in standard English frequently are found earliest in the North (cp.  Sec.10).  No. 13 explains some differences in the later pronunciation of Sco. and Eng.  No. 12 is a characteristic that is much more common in Middle and Early New Scotch.  Many words in this way became identical in form with their Norse cognates, cp. broder, fad(d)er, etc.  This will be discussed later.  No. 14, Metathesis of r, was carried out extensively in W. S. (see Sievers, 179), e.g., beornan “burn”; iernan, “run”; burn, “a stream”; hors, “horse”; forsk, “frog”; þerscan, “to thrash”; berstan, “to burst”; fierst, “a space of time,” (cp.  Norse frist, Germ. Frist).  This progressive metathesis of r is very common in the South.  In the