and Brahmaputra.
1878-79.  Nordenskiold solves the North-East Passage along the north
coast of Siberia.
1878-84.  Joseph Thomson explores East-Central Africa.
1878-85.  Serpa Pinto twice crosses Africa.
1879-82.  The Jeannette passes through Behring Strait to the
mouth of the Lena.
1880.  Leigh Smith surveys south coast of Franz Josef Land.
1880-82.  Bonvalot traverses the Pamirs.
1881-87.  Wissmann twice crosses Africa, and discovers the left affluents
of the Congo.
1883.  Lockwood, on the Greely Mission, reaches 83.23 deg.  N., north cape
of Greenland.
1886.  Francis Garnier explores the course of the Mekong.
1887.  Younghusband travels from Pekin to Kashmir.
1887-89.  Stanley conducts the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition across
Africa, and discovers the Pigmies, and the Mountains of the
Moon.
1888.  F. Nansen crosses Greenland from east to west.
1888-89.  Captain Binger traces the bend of the Niger.
1889.  The brothers Grjmailo explore Chinese Turkestan.
1889-90.  Bonvalot and Prince Henri d’Orleans traverse Tibet.
1890.  Selous and Jameson explore Mashonaland.
1890.  Sir W. Macgregor crosses New Guinea.
1891-92.  Monteil crosses from Senegal to Tripoli.
1892.  Peary proves Greenland an island.
1893.  Mr. and Mrs. Littledale travel across Central Asia.
1893-97.  Dr. Sven Hedin explores Chinese Turkestan, Tibet, and Mongolia.
1893-97.  Dr. Nansen is carried across the Arctic Ocean in the
Fram, and advances farthest north (86.14 deg.  N.).
1894-95.  C. E. Borchgrevink visits Antarctica.
1894-96.  Jackson-Harmsworth expedition in Arctic lands.
1896.  Captain Bottego explores Somaliland.
1896.  Donaldson Smith traces Lake Rudolph.
1896.  Prince Henri D’Orleans travels from Tonkin to Moru.
1897.  Captain Foa traverses South Africa from S. to N.
1897.  D. Carnegie crosses W. Australia from S. to N.

EUROPE.

GREAT BRITAIN.—­B.C. 450.  Himilco. Circa 333.  Pytheas. 60-54.  Caesar.

FRANCE.—­B.C. circa 600.  Marseilles founded. 57.  Caesar.

RUSSIA.—­A.D. 1554.  Richard Chancellor.

BALTIC.—­A.D. 890.  Wulfstan and Othere.

ICELAND.—­A.D. 861.  Naddod.

ASIA.

INDIA.—­B.C. 332.  Alexander. 330.  Nearchus. Circa 300.  Megasthenes. 
A.D. 400-14.  Fa-hien. 518-21.  Hoei-Sing and Sung-Yun. 540.  Cosmas
Indicopleustes. 629-46.  Hiouen-Tshang. 671-95.  I-tsing. 1159-73. 
Benjamin of Tudela. 1304-78.  Ibn Batuta. 1327-72.  Mandeville. 1328. 
Jordanus of Severac. 1328-49.  John de Marignolli. 1419-40.  Nicolo
Conti. 1442-44.  Abd-ur-Razzak. 1468-74.  Athanasius Nikitin. 1487. 
Pedro de Covilham. 1494-99.  Hieronimo di Santo Stefano. 1503-8. 
Ludovico di Varthema.

FARTHER INDIA.—­A.D. 1503.  Ludovico di Varthema. 1509.  Lopes di
Sequira. 1886.  Francis Garnier.