A splendid tomb has since been erected to Napoleon in the Chapel of the Invalides, where he rests under the care of the war-worn soldiers of France.  Few now can be living who fought under him.  Not a Bonaparte was at his funeral; the only one then upon French soil was in a prison.

Napoleon sleeps where in his will he prayed that his remains might rest,—­on the banks of the Seine.

CHAPTER V.

SOME CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1848.

After the signing of the treaty of 1841, which restored the entente cordiale between France and England, and satisfied the other European Powers, Louis Philippe and his family were probably in the plenitude of their prosperity.  The Duke of Orleans had been happily married; and although his wife was a Protestant,—­which was not wholly satisfactory to Queen Marie Amelie,—­the character of the Duchesse Helene was so lovely that she won all hearts, both in her husband’s family and among the people.

On the occasion of the fetes given in Paris at the nuptials of the Duke of Orleans, in 1837, the sad presage of misfortune that had accompanied the marriage festivities of Marie Antoinette was repeated.  One of the spectacles given to the Parisians was a sham attack on a sham citadel of Antwerp in the Champ de Mars.  The crowd was immense, but all went well so long as the spectacle lasted.  When the crowd began to move away, a panic took place.  The old and the feeble were thrown down and trampled on.  Twenty-four persons were killed, the fetes were broken up, and all hearts were saddened both by the disaster and the omen.

One part of the festivities on that occasion consisted in the opening of the galleries of historical paintings at Versailles,—­a magnificent gift made by the Citizen King to his people.

I have spoken already of the storming of Constantine.  No French success since the wars of the Great Napoleon had been so brilliant; yet the Chamber of Deputies, in a fit of parsimony, reduced from two thousand to eleven hundred dollars the pension proposed by the ministers to be settled on the widow of General Damremont, the commander-in-chief, who had been killed by a round shot while giving orders to scale the walls.  At the same time they voted two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the year’s subsidy to the theatres of Paris for the amusement of themselves and their constituents.

Algeria proved a valuable school for soldiers; there Lamoriciere, Changarnier, Cavaignac, Saint-Arnaud, Pelissier, and Bugeaud had their military education.  Louis Philippe’s three sons were also with the troops, sharing all the duties, dangers, and hardships of the campaign.